Seminary, Academia, Psychology, & Science

Self-Esteem in the Bible?

8/21/2025

Article #15 on Psychology

Are you feeling good about yourself? Self-esteem is a lifelong battle for most people. It is quite normal to feel unworthy, ashamed, guilty, and afraid. Why? Something is going on inside that needs to be honestly confronted. It is the work of the conscience (Rom. 2:13-15). This is what makes us different than the animals.

Our conscience gives us the ability to discern right and wrong, and thus we are morally accountable before God for how we choose to live in this world. Naturally, as sinners, we feel condemned in the courtroom of our conscience, only because we truly are condemned before God. Everyone, everywhere, without exception, needs to be saved by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

“Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God.” – Rom. 3:19

Our conscience agrees with the laws of God in the Bible and bears witness to us that we are lawbreakers. God is speaking through the conscience! And this is why sinners are terrified to violate their own conscience in new and unprecedented ways. A stabbing sense of guilt, remorse, fear, and shame only increases as we sin against God (1 Cor. 15:56). Meanwhile, famous psychologists like Carl Jung would like you to completely ignore your conscience and simply accept yourself, but even he acknowledges that it is terrifying to go against your conscience. “The most terrifying thing is to accept oneself completely.” (Carl Jung). Evidently, you are going to have a hard time doing that! Your conscience is resisting you as it acts as a mental reprover.

“Happy is he that condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth.” – Rom. 14:22

Self-esteem is an uphill battle that you are never going to win, unless your conscience is seared and you silence the mental reprover. This is not advisable (Titus 1:15). The ruin of the conscience leads to spiritual insanity! This is the kind of thing that celebrities talk about, when they say, “Accept who you are; and revel in it.” (Mitch Albom).

“Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;” – 1 Tim. 4:1-2

A broken conscience is noisy and bothersome. People resort to drinking and drugs to get through the day. They rely on sleeping pills to get through the night (Eccl. 5:12, 8:16, Prov. 4:16, Micah 2:1). “There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.” (Isa. 57:21). Most people know deep within that something is terribly wrong, but they are too proud to admit it or too busy to confront it. They don’t have time for God! They are too busy enjoying the honor and approval of their peers (Matt. 23:5, Ps. 49:13, John 5:44, Prov. 16:5).

“Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.” – Lk. 16:15

Self-esteem is impossible because that which is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God. As a matter of fact, instead of esteeming ourselves, we should be denying ourselves. Self is the problem in a world of lost sinners. Salvation from self is the only solution.

“If any man will come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow Me.” – Jesus Christ (Luke 9:23)

Jesus Christ, the embodiment of divine love, had some heavy things to say about self. The truth hurts because sinners are conditioned to believe that flattery is love. However, in this case, flattery is not honesty. The situation is hopeless as long as sinners remain godless. Nevertheless, when man-meets-God, everything changes. The Gospel is a message of reconciliation. Sinners are turned into saints! Do you want to know more? Start reading the Bible. Seek God. Confess your sins to the Lord in prayer. Believe in the Gospel! If you don’t understand it, ask the Lord to guide you into an understanding of the Gospel so that you can be truly saved by Jesus Christ. Only then will you find rest for your soul (Matt. 11:28-30).

0 Comments

Do You Love Yourself?

8/15/2025

0 Comments

Article #14 on Psychology

Do you love yourself? This is a core part of self-esteem in psychology. Are you accepting and receiving the love of God for yourself? This is a core part of salvation in Christianity. The two are mutually exclusive.

“This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.” – 2 Tim. 3:1-5

Do you love yourself? For most people this is a question of goodness. “There is none that doeth good, no, not one.” (Rom. 3:12). Or it is a question of righteousness. “There is none righteous, no, not one” (Rom. 3:10). Loving oneself is easy for those who feel good about themselves. These feelings stem from the belief that you are lovely or lovable. On the contrary, the Apostle Paul said, “O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?” (Rom. 7:24). Obviously, Paul wasn’t feeling good about himself. It is not the voice of self-love that we hear from Christians in the Bible. No! Rather, it is the voice of self-hatred. Why?

“Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit.” – Eccl. 2:17

“If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.” – Luke 14:26

“He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal.” - Joh 12:25

God is angry with sinners everyday (Ps. 7:11). Our sin is hateful, despicable, and abominable. You have heard that we are “fearfully and wonderfully made” by God (Ps. 139:14). This is true! Our biological design makes us a masterpiece of creation. But we are unlovely and wretched on the inside because we are sinful (Matt. 23:27-28). Coming to this realization will make you morally hate yourself! We are not talking about being suicidal. This is where Christians humbly come into agreement with the justice of God (Ps. 5:5). We agree with the angry frown of divine justice and accept the fact that we deserve condemnation, and this puts us into a position where we can comprehend the love of God. Why? Because God’s love cannot be merited or deserved by sinners.

“For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die. But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.” – Rom. 5:7-8

God does not love sinners because they are lovely or loveable. Being created in the Image of God does not make the LORD less angry with sinners or partial in judgment (Gen. 1:26). This marvelous feature of mankind does not make us less guilty. On the contrary, because we are more valuable to God than many sparrows (Matt. 10:31), and because we have been given the capacity of a relationship and accountability, our sin against God is much more grievous, unacceptable, and intolerable. Sinners distort and misrepresent the Image of God as they violate their conscience and give themselves over to the raw passion and pleasure of sin. This is an animalistic and beastly debasement of mankind.

"But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption" – 2 Pet. 2:12

Our Creator gave us eyes, and said, “Look to Me!” (Isa. 45:22), but sinners prefer to look elsewhere. “There is no fear of God before their eyes.” (Rom. 3:18). Similarly, the LORD said, “Read the Bible!” (Deut. 17:19), but sinners are addicted to worldly entertainment. “The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts.” (Psalm 10:4). Our Creator gave us ears, and said, “Listen to Me!” (Deut. 6:4, Isa. 46:3, 12, 49:1), but sinners disrespect God and ignore the Bible. “Behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken: behold, the word of the LORD is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in it.” (Jer. 6:10).

Our Creator gave us a heart, and said, “Love Me!” (Matt. 22:37-38), but sinners have hardened in their hearts against God and are madly in love with sin (Ezek. 36:26-27, Jn. 3:19-20). Our Creator gave us a brain, and said, “Know Me!” (Jer. 4:22, 9:23-24, Jn. 17:3), but sinners are strangely dead to God and numb to the Holy Spirit. “There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God.” (Rom. 3:11).

“For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit. For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.” – Rom. 8:5-8

Our Creator gave us a mouth, and said, “Talk to Me!” (Jer. 33:3, 1 Thess. 5:17), but sinners are mute to God or insincere in prayer. “Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness” (Rom. 3:13-14). Our Creator gave us feet, and said, “Follow Me!” (Matt. 16:24-26), but sinners prefer the nightlife of Broadway and the fantasy of Theater. “Their feet are swift to shed blood: Destruction and misery are in their ways: And the way of peace have they not known:” (Rom. 3:15-17). All seems hopeless if we are left to ourselves! Something is terribly wrong with our eyes, ears, heart, mind, mouth, and feet. The love of oneself is twisted, corrupt, unrealistic, and dangerous.

Nevertheless, there is hope. God still loves sinners even though they are hideous monsters of iniquity! How can it be? He may not delight in them, but He loves them (Mal. 2:17). He has devised and accomplished a plan of salvation for sinners. Speaking of this, it was written, “But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound” (Rom. 5:20). God’s love is greater and stronger than anyone has ever imagined! As we honestly accept our sin, guilt, and condemnation, according to the Scriptures, lost sinners are then guided into the grace of salvation, because God is in the business of saving His enemies.

“For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement.” – Rom. 5:10-11

Heaven is publishing good news to condemned sinners! Salvation is a divine miracle. It is entirely the work of God in the human soul. Do you want to be saved from yourself? Sinners are reconciled to God by grace through faith in the Gospel, and upon being reconciled, they are reborn. "Except a man be born again, he cannot see the Kingdom of God" (John 3:3). A permanent change takes place by the mighty power of God! Sinners are turned into saints. "Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new" (2 Cor. 5:17). Right now, even today, divine love is going about the world conquering, converting, and creating. Today is the day of salvation! Tomorrow is not promised. “And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.” (Acts 2:21).

Take My Life &Let it Be...

1. Take my life and let it be
consecrated, Lord, to thee.
Take my moments and my days;
let them flow in endless praise,
let them flow in endless praise.

2. Take my hands and let them move
at the impulse of thy love.
Take my feet and let them be
swift and beautiful for thee,
swift and beautiful for thee.

3. Take my voice and let me sing
always, only, for my King.
Take my lips and let them be
filled with messages from thee,
filled with messages from thee.

4. Take my silver and my gold;
not a mite would I withhold.
Take my intellect and use
every power as thou shalt choose,
every power as thou shalt choose.

5. Take my will and make it thine;
it shall be no longer mine.
Take my heart it is thine own;
it shall be thy royal throne,
it shall be thy royal throne.

6. Take my love; my Lord, I pour
at thy feet its treasure store.
Take myself, and I will be
ever, only, all for thee,
ever, only, all for thee.

0 Comments

Believe in Yourself?

8/14/2025

0 Comments

Article #13 on Psychology

Do you believe in yourself? This is a core part of self-esteem in psychology. Do you believe in God? This is a core part of salvation in Christianity. These two beliefs are mutually exclusive.

“Have faith in God.” - Mk. 11:22

God deserves our trust because the LORD is pure, spotless, sinless, and faithful. We are the exact opposite. Sinners do not deserve our faith because such creatures are not trustworthy. Therefore, it is extremely foolish to trust in oneself.

“He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool: but whoso walketh wisely, he shall be delivered.” – Prov. 28:26

“Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD.” – Jer. 17:5

Having faith in yourself is sacrilegious and idolatrous. It is sacrilegious because you can’t have faith in God while believing in yourself. It is idolatrous because faith is an essential act of worship that belongs to God. Faith in oneself is the idolization of man in the place of God. And we know that no idolater will inherit the Kingdom of God (1 Cor. 6:9-10, Eph. 5:5, Rev. 21:8). Belief in oneself is a religious act of idolatry that enshrines your own understanding and wisdom. Doing what’s right in your own eyes isn’t a good thing.

“Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct thy paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD, and depart from evil.” – Prov. 3:5-7

“The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise.” – Prov. 12:15

“There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death.” – Prov. 16:25

Naturally, if you believe in yourself, you will be true to your passions and interests even if they aren’t ethical, moral, or biblical. You will want to live authentically for yourself! This is the bane of psychological treatment. Your local Therapist will send you on an exciting quest of self-discovery that ends in shipwreck.

“A fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may discover itself.” – Prov. 18:2

“Every way of a man is right in his own eyes: but the LORD pondereth the hearts.” – Prov. 21:2

Have you figured out who you are? God knows. Before you prioritize your happiness as a sinner, and suppose that this is the essence of living a good life, you should read the Bible. God has something to say about you.

“The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? I the LORD search the heart, I try the reins, even to give every man according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings.” – Jer. 17:9-10

Psychology was invented by sinners in the 1700s as an act of rebellion against the Bible. Psychology will make you feel good about yourself because you are deemed to be an innocent victim of your environment. The Bible teaches us that sinners are guilty criminals in the sight of God. Psychological treatment ministers a false peace to condemned sinners.

“They have healed also the hurt of the daughter of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace.” – Jer. 6:14

At the end of the day, if you are feeling good about yourself, your Therapist has done her job. The indoctrination of psychology has done its work. At the end of the day, if you are feeling bad about yourself, the courtroom Judge at City Hall has done her job. The due process of justice has done its work. The former is treated like a victim and the latter a criminal. Which one are you? Just punishments bring remorse to otherwise impenitent criminals.

“What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one: There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: Whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness: Their feet are swift to shed blood: Destruction and misery are in their ways: And the way of peace have they not known: There is no fear of God before their eyes. Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God.” – Rom. 3:9-19

The Word of God, contained in the Bible, deals honestly with the situation that we are in as condemned sinners. We need to see our criminal behavior against the laws of God in the Bible as something outrageous and unacceptable. Only then will we, as sinners, come to appreciate the Savior of sinners. Only then will we see justice being served at the Cross of Jesus Christ, who suffered and died in our place on the dark hill of Golgotha, receiving in Himself the punishment that we deserved. Only then will we truly repent and believe in the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

0 Comments

No Cure for Mental Illness?

8/12/2025

0 Comments

Article #12 on Psychology

The mental health industry of America is failing. Nearly 50,000 Americans died by suicide in the year 2022! Mental illness is spreading like a plague. It is becoming increasingly clear to everyone that wealth, power, fame, and prosperity doesn’t produce peace. People are dying! And the common people want answers. Mental health professionals are doing their best and failing miserably. Why? Because there is no cure for mental illness.

Literally, according to science, there is no cure for mental illness. You are mentally ill because you have neurochemical imbalances in your brain. You are mentally ill because you have neurotransmitter abnormalities in your brain. Scientists have no ability to correct these imbalances and abnormalities, not even with manmade synthetic drugs. They can sedate or stimulate the brain, but they cannot correct these imbalances and abnormalities through drugs.

Despite all the technological advances of the modern era and a heavily financed mental health industry, there is still no cure for mental illness! Something is wrong. Something is missing in the philosophy of psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.

“The wise men are ashamed, they are dismayed and taken: lo, they have rejected the word of the LORD; and what wisdom is in them?” - Jeremiah 8:9

Correctly identifying the cause of the problem is essential to finding a solution. Scientists are trying to solve a two-dimensional problem one-dimensionally. God created mankind in both body and soul – a two-dimensional person. There is a physical world and a spiritual world, and these two worlds overlap and blend in the area of mental health. Noble scientists with good intentions have spent too much time studying biochemistry and physiology while ignoring theology.

“If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things?” - John 3:12

Neurochemical and neurotransmitter imbalances and abnormalities are real physiological problems in the brain, but these problems are caused by the stress of sin. Sin is a spiritual problem with physical consequences, and thus it is the cause of all mental and emotional problems (James 1:15). Salvation from sin is therefore the solution to all mental and emotional problems – the equivalent of a mental health resurrection from the dead.

“I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly.” – Jesus Christ (John 10:10)

While overlooking the real cause of mental illness, scientists are tinkering with the brain through sedation and stimulation in hopes for a better outcome. It isn’t working! God doesn’t want sinners to feel at home and happy in a “world of iniquity” that is controlled by the devil (James 3:6, 2 Cor. 4:4). Sin is destructive and deadly like mental poison in the body (Rom. 3:13-14, Job 20:12-26). Sinners are hurting because sin is psychologically poisonous. “The sting of death is sin” (1 Cor. 15:56). Sedating or stimulating an already poisoned brain doesn’t solve the problem. Spiritual problems require spiritual solutions, and the physical imbalances and abnormalities will be amended in the process. The Bible contains all the answers to the questions of life! Read it for yourself to discover the meaning of life. Repent and believe in the Gospel of Jesus Christ and you will be cured of mental illness.

0 Comments

The Mental Health Crisis of Being a Sinner

8/12/2025

0 Comments

Article #11 on Psychology

Mental Health According to the Bible?

Being a sinner is a mental health crisis that is normalized in society. Sinners are mentally and emotionally addicted to sin! Such a condition should never be called “healthy” (Job 15:15-16). It is a sickness of the soul that needs to be healed. It is a disease of the mind that has a cure.

“They that are whole have no need of the physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.” – Jesus Christ (Mark 2:17)

Sinners habitually enjoy the things that God hates. This is called “enmity” in the Bible (Rom. 8:6-8). Essentially, sinners are mentally and emotionally alienated from God. They have eyes, but they can’t see! They have ears, but they can’t hear! This is the worst kind of sensory deprivation.

“For this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.” – Matt. 13:15

We are talking about the sensory deprivation of sheer godlessness. Theologically, this is called total moral depravity. God is here, but He isn’t being known. God is light, but the common people are sitting in darkness. This is a mental and emotional godlessness.

“Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart: Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness.” – Ephesians 4:18-19

In such circumstances, sinners need to read the Bible and pay attention to their conscience. You have heard that we have been created in the Image of God? Our conscience makes us different than the animals. The animals aren’t sinners. They are amoral because they don’t have a conscience. Our conscience is a mental reprover that makes us morally conscious, and therefore we have the unique ability to know God (Rom. 2:13-15). If you ignore the mental reprover then the mental illness of being a sinner only gets worse. God speaks through the conscience as a mental reprover. If you reject the light, then your wandering in darkness will only get worse. Beware! It is possible to be given over to a “reprobate mind” according to the Bible (Rom. 1:28).

“And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.” – Rom. 1:28-32

Sinners feel guilt, shame, fear, and anxiety when they sin against God. This is the work of our conscience. These feelings should not be ignored or disregarded, or else the problem will only get worse. Our conscience helps us feel our need for God! Our conscience helps us feel our need for salvation!

“Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit.” – Eccl. 2:17

God is not a sinner. God does not want people sinning in a mental and emotional condition of godless happiness. God wants sinners to feel their need for Jesus Christ! Feelings of guilt, shame, fear, and anxiety are the unpleasant consequences of sinning against God. Sin is poisonous to our mental health (1 Cor. 15:56). We sin, because we are sinners! Self is the problem (Rom. 3:9-20). Consequentially, self-esteem is not the solution. You need to die to self! This is the preaching of the cross.

“For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.” – 1 Cor. 1:18

“Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save it.” - Mark 8:34-35

“He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal.” - John 12:25

If you are feeling mentally ill due to sin, then you need an appointment with the great Physician. In other words, you need to take a spiritual journey to Mount Calvary! This is how Jesus Christ saves people. The cross is an instrument of execution. Nothing of yourself will survive the cross! You must come to an end, and only then will Christ begin. We are talking about repentance and faith in the Gospel of Jesus Christ leading to a new birth experience (John 3:3).

Salvation is a miracle! It is entirely the work of God in the human soul. Realistically, it is a mental and emotional resurrection from the dead. The killing of the cross is for a resurrection! “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.” (2 Cor. 5:17). The Creator has power to transform lost and hurting sinners into new creatures. Everything has been bought and paid for by the blood of Jesus Christ.

0 Comments

The Error of Radiometric Dating Theory

7/12/2025

0 Comments

Article #8 on Noah's Flood & Science

(Author: Preethi Morris, PhD Researcher)

Credit: Stevica Mrdja

Introduction: Radiometric Dating employs scientific theory rather than scientific fact

Abstract: For decades, radiometric dating has been used as primary evidence for determining the age of the earth, and its organic and inorganic material. Through much controversy, the greater part of the scientific community of geologists, astronomers, and other fields insist that the earth is billions of years old. However, this field of science needs to be addressed with caution, as the past is neither observable nor can the theory of the age of the earth be ascertained based on radiometric dating. According to the laws of empirical science, what is considered as scientific knowledge (i.e. fact) can only be determined by direct observation or experimentation within time based on evidence gathered from the real known world rather than upon mere theory or speculation. A scientific theory is often an inference derived by related observable processes, whereby a conjecture can be made, while the process pertaining to the theory is left unobserved or not directly tested. The endeavor of determining the age of the earth inherently fails the necessary conditions for empirical science. While radiometric dating can be utilized and its accuracy tested with regard to modern day organisms and geological matter with known ages, its accuracy has no absolute reference point, derived from empirical science, with regard to organisms and geological structures older than what may be confirmed through other means of empirical science. The use of modern day radiometric dating to determine the age of the earth and old entities is at best a scientific theory. Something that is observable in the modern age, namely, rates of radioactive decay of isotopes, is used to make broad and unobservable conjectures with no scientific “control” or known standard. This cannot be denied, regardless of the staunchness of scientists and geologists who insist upon an old earth. In what follows, the theory, methodology, assumptions, and flaws of radiometric dating will be discussed.

Theory

The basis for radiometric dating is the theory that the decay rates of radioactive isotopes may be used to determine the age of various samples. Organisms acquire radioactive isotopes from the earth’s upper atmosphere during their lifetime. Once the organism dies, this acquisition stops, and the radioactive isotope steadily decays over time. Some elements have unstable (radioactive) isotopes that spontaneously transform into other stable isotopes by emitting particles/energy. Scientists assume that there is a predictable rate of the decay of these radioactive isotopes into more stable isotopes. In some cases, in the absence of a true scientific control or standard, meteorites or extraterrestrial samples, the ages of which are also determined by radiometric dating, are employed as a standard.

Methodology

The radioactive elements used for radiometric dating are known as “parent isotopes”. Parent isotopes decay into more stable isotopes at a rate that is observable with modern scientific technology. The more stable isotope is referred to as the “daughter isotope”. The ratio of parent to daughter isotope content is used to estimate the age of the sample. The content of isotopes can be determined with mass spectrometry and other scientific instruments. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent isotope in a sample to decay into the daughter isotope. According to modern day scientific research, this rate is assumed to be consistent and distinct for each radioactive isotope. The ratio of parent to daughter isotope and the known (based on modern-science) half-life of the parent isotope is used to calculate the approximate age of the sample.

Isochron

As a recent advancement of the past decades, IsoChron is used in which ratios of parent and daughter isotopes to a stable element from the daughter element from numerous samples are plotted and fitted to a straight line. The slope of this line is used for age calculation. Isochron dating may not require information of the amount of initial daughter isotope present, yet is still subject to strict criteria. Isochron requires a closed system environment and a relatively uniform presence of the daughter isotope in the initial sample.

Types

There are 4 major types of radiometric dating.

Assumptions

While many scientists utilize radiometric dating as if it is based upon an unchangeable scientific premise, it is readily and intuitively understood, even reflected in the most modern scientific literature which takes recent advancements in methodology into some account, that radiometric dating relies on several broad assumptions:

Assumption: The decay rate of the parent isotype throughout history has remained constant.

The radiometric dating theory assumes that the established half-life of the transformation of the parent to the daughter isotope based on scientific observation in modern circumstances has remained the same throughout history. However, it is well-established that certain factors can alter the half-life of a radioactive substance. For example, seasonal and diurnal variation and distance to the sun have been observed in lab simulations to alter the radioactive decay of isotopes such as radioactive radon-222 (Steinitz, 2011). Bombarding radioactive isotopes with high-energy radiation, as well as changing the chemical or electronic environment of the isotope can change the half-life (Weeks (1998), Wang (2006)). There is also a highly controversial debate among the physical science community as to whether solar neutrinos affect the rate of radioactive isotope decay (Sturrock, 2022). Though teams of scientists claim these findings are dogmatically refutable due to statistical significance criteria, the controversy remains unsolved due to the inevitable inability of modern science to occlude the proposed possibilities in unobservable historical scenarios. (Pommé, 2022) While many scientists assume the half-lives of radioactive substances are unchanged, others on another end of the spectrum of theory challenge this theory by internal evidence which suggests a need for greater precision in these estimates (Villa, 2022). It would be a leap off the cliff of scientific reason to believe that throughout history there were no regional and/or world-wide differences in high-energy radiation or environmental features. It cannot be concluded that there were no worldwide ancient cataclysmic events that, for example, released high energy radiation from the deeper zones of the earth, or that radically changed the chemical and electronic environment of affected organisms and geological structures. There is no means of occluding the possibility of fluctuations in cosmic activity and atypical cosmic interference with the earth. Furthermore, it cannot be made certain that the conditions of the earth thousands of years ago were not more and less favorable to all manner of physical and natural processes including the rates of radioactive decay.

Assumption: There is no contamination of the sample.

Contamination in a sample, depending on the type, amount, and the ages of the sample and contaminant, can significantly affect the accuracy of the results by introducing older or younger substances with isotopes that alter the parent to daughter isotope ratio. This results in younger or older apparent ages. Geologists and other scientists who regularly work with radiometric dating face an immense battle seeking to prevent and offset the effects of contamination. The discussion in the field research community concerning contamination is vast, and the literature is extensive concerning this challenge. Below are several examples from modern cutting-edge revealing the difficulty of radiometric dating due to contamination:

Historic Mortar Samples: “Over the last decades, important advancements have been made in the application of the 14C dating methods to lime mortar samples, including the use of lime lumps instead of generic pieces of mortar. However, a relevant number of results in disagreement with the chronological framework of the related archaeological cases are published every year without a clear understanding of the reasons for such results. This suggests that further developments to the methodology are needed. The commentary argues that to further develop this particular application of the 14C dating method, a new, more holistic approach is needed that moves away from the very “applied” approach that dominated the last decades and focuses more on the causes of contamination and the mechanism of the reactions involved. ” (Pesce, 2023)

Quaternary Volcanic Rocks: “The 40Ar/39Ar age of 54 ± 7 ka is distinctly different from the zircon crystallization and eruption ages, and is considered to be inaccurate due to a possible issue with sample contamination or excess argon.” (Lee, 2024)

Phytoplankton: “For phytoplankton resting stages, longevity of thousands to millions of years has recently been reported. However, contamination during sediment sampling could distort these estimates, and this risk has not been systematically evaluated. ”

Old Carbon: “Our results suggest that old carbon contamination is possible over a wide area, potentially leading to over-estimation of eruption ages by years, decades or more, cautioning against over-reliance on wiggle-match ages that are not corroborated by other lines of evidence.” (Holdaway, 2021)

Assumption: The Daughter isotope was absent at the origination of the sample.

Radiometric dating often assumes that the sample originally contained 100% parent isotope and 0% daughter isotope. However, if the sample originally contained some amount of the daughter isotope at the time of its formation, the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes will be higher than expected resulting in an overestimation of the sample’s age. Isochron, a more recent advancement in radiometric dating, is used by scientists to account for the initial presence of daughter isotope by looking at the ratios of parent and daughter isotopes in numerous samples from the same material. However, isochron requires strict conditions for results to be meaningful just as other more conventional means of radiometric dating (Inglis, 2025). This is commonly understood by many scientists who use modern isochron methodology (Inglis, 2025).

Flaws

There are a number of FLAWS which have been identified in using radiometric dating for determining the age of samples.

Flaw: The deep water cycle, migration of magma, and crustal migration of isotopes can introduce new isotopes into samples.

A trademark challenge throughout the past decades for radiometric dating is the acquisition of excess isotopes from crustal migration and through mantle source areas of magma (Li, 2025). Rocks can assimilate elements from mingling with magma (Iles, 2023). The transition zone, crust, and migrating magma are known to contain potassium, argon, rubidium, strontium, uranium, and lead. According to the deep water cycle and systemic flow of magma to the earth’s crust, it is expected and observed that under high temperature conditions, rocks can assimilate daughter isotopes resulting in erroneously old ages when radiometric dating is employed. Furthermore, under high temperature conditions, isotopes can readily leach out of rocks (de Melo, 2021). The high temperatures of magma can cause both parent and daughter isotopes to move within a rock or result in isotopic exchange. Under various geochemical environments, there can be what scientists called a “resetting of the radiometric clock”. There are various means that geologists use to seek to account for or correct this including separating out various components of rock or magma when there are different ages derived and using multiple dating methods. However, certain possibilities present remaining complications. Namely, if the whole region underwent a cataclysmic historical event that reset the radiometric clock and/or resulted in a broad incorporation of isotopic atoms into the rocks, this often cannot be deciphered by modern methods of observation. For example, if a regional or global cataclysmic event released large amount of water and magma from the mantle and/or transition zone, this would create an environment of high pressure, temperature, and a vast influx of many kinds of isotopes (both parent and daughter) that would be incorporated into all affected rocks and fossils. In this case, rocks, magma, and fossils can be as geologists say, “lying about their age”.

Flaw: Under the Closed-System requirement for radiometric dating, it is assumed that no parent or daughter isotope was lost or gained during or since the formation of the material.

Under the closed-system requirement for radiometric dating, it is assumed that no parent or daughter isotope was lost or gained in the course of events leading up to the present. However, scientists agree that it is rare that a fossil experiences a truly closed-system environment throughout and since its formation. Particularly, if organisms are exposed to high pressure and heat conditions, or are surrounded by other organisms or sediment, a truly closed environment can only be considered an ideal and not reality. That were was no permeation of neighboring elements and organic material during permineralization is implausible. Mineral rich water that fills the cavities of organisms during permineralization inevitably may contain elements and organic contaminants of any proximal organisms and inorganic material. Furthermore, in a realistic situation, parent or daughter isotopes can be lost through diffusion at high temperatures, weathering, leaching, metamorphisms, interaction with hydrothermal fluids, or through natural radioactive decay (Chiaradia, 2023).

Open System Behavior: “Estimation of the accuracy can be done through measurement of standards with known, certified ages and evaluating how far our measure is from the certified value. However, such measurements do not guarantee that sample ages are accurate, if, for instance, unknown samples are affected by open system behavior. Several parameters may affect the accuracy of an age determination as it will be discussed below. Precision indicates the uncertainty that we can attach to an age that we have measured and usually depends on limitations of the analytical tools used.” (Chiaradia, 2023)

Temperature Diffusion Effect: “All the points above bear on the fundamental question of what exactly are we dating when we apply a radiometric clock to a mineral? In ideal cases, where the mineral has remained a closed system since its formation, the answer is that we are dating the time elapsed since the mineral crystallised. In other cases, the radiometric age may reflect the time since the mineral cooled to a temperature below which diffusion of the parent and daughter isotopes becomes so slow that the mineral acts as a closed system. This temperature is known as closure temperature (Dodson 1973). Because the closure temperature depends on crystal structure, grain size of the crystal, and atomic size of the diffusing isotope, there is a wide range of closure temperatures (from > 900 to < 100 ℃) for the different radiometric dating systems applied to different minerals (Fig. 2).” (Chiaradia, 2023)

Chronological Uncertainty: “Individual radiocarbon-date densities do not represent duration or through-time variation in a process that produces radiocarbon samples – they represent chronological uncertainty. It follows, then, that sums or aggregates of individual date densities also reflect chronological uncertainty in some way. Currently, to our knowledge, no attempts have been made to derive accurate point-wise interpretations for the established proxies, which leaves open crucial questions about how chronological uncertainty affects point-wise comparisons.” (Carleton, 2021)

Additionally, certain rocks can inherit parent or daughter isotopes from their source, which obscures the dating process. Some rocks can inherit the parent or daughter isotopes from their sources resulting in inaccurate dating—again, resulting in the failure to meet the necessary closed-system requirement. This is because the source-acquired isotopes can be assumed to have been produced by radioactive decay within the rock, when, in actuality, they were present before any decay over time took place.

Generic Sampling and Taphonomic Bias: “We review Australian studies, focussing on sampling bias and taphonomic bias, finding that (i) time-averaged radiometric data cannot simply be correlated across regions, and (ii) sedimentology imposes genuine constraints upon what can be known. Internationally, flaws in SPD use occur in all main research phases, and most importantly, at the initial phase of defining research questions, logic and general approach. Major problems stem from not planning to obtain a sound understanding of the variability of past sedimentary environments, potential occupation sites and site formation processes. Thus, cultural inferences are too often made from archaeological data without due consideration of the natural processes that may explain the data. ” (Ward, 2021)

Flaw: There is inconsistency in results when using different methods of radiometric dating.

Different radiometric dating systems have resulted in vastly different ages rendered for given samples. This indicates error in one or more dating methodology. Contrary to the opinion of many geologists, science daily notes that even relatively small observable offsets can shift calendar dates enough to greatly alter the general consensus.

“The authors measured a series of carbon-14 ages in southern Jordan tree rings, with established calendar dates between 1610 and 1940 A.D. They found that contemporary plant material growing in the southern Levant shows an average offset in radiocarbon age of about 19 years compared the current Northern Hemisphere standard calibration curve…..Applying their results to previously published chronologies, the researchers show how even the relatively small offsets they observe can shift calendar dates by enough to alter ongoing archaeological, historical and paleoclimate debates.” (Cornell University, 2018)

A little goes a long way when it comes to radiometric dating. Namely, small changes in isotopic concentrations as well as changes in the rate (half-life), or the slowing or accelerating of radioactive decay due to geological events can result in a highly skewed date. For example, even a small change in the isotopic concentration can radically alter the determined age of a sample. For example, a 2% step change in concentration of the daughter isotope can change the age of a sample up to over a hundred million years (David, 2025). Furthermore, a cataclysmic event which altered the radioactive decay of the parent isotope could also lead to dramatic changes in estimated age (David, 2025) .

Flaw: Radiocarbon dating (C-14) is prone to error in dating old objects due to the limited half-life of 5,730 years.

The short-half life of C-14 makes it unusable for dating objects older than about 50,000 years (while other erroneous assumptions and flaws are not considered). Because C-14 decays exponentially, after several half-lives, the amount of C-14 remaining is too small to provide an accurate estimation of age (again, other erroneous assumptions and flaws not considered). Scientists agree that radiocarbon dating is an erroneous means of estimating very old organisms and rocks, and is a totally flawed means for determining the age of the earth and the events of ancient history (Hajadas (2021), Ramsey (2024)).

The Extensively Proven Unreliability of C-14 Dating: “It is apparent that if 14C measurements were perfect for both (i) the calibration curve and (ii) for the dendro-sequenced time-series dated, and if (iii) the relationship between the calendar and 14C timescales was monotonic, then there should be 0-error because (ii) should perfectly match (i) at the correct temporal placement and there is no possibility for ambiguity (given iii). However, none of these conditions applies in reality. Instead, variable precision is obtained depending on a combination of the structure (shape) of the 14C calibration curve versus the quality, density and length of the dated time-series. While the identification of several solar energetic particle (Miyake) events (e.g. 660 BCE; 774, 993 CE) (Miyake et al., 2012, 2013; Park et al., 2017) has allowed wiggle-matching to an annual, or even sub-annual, precision (Kuitems et al., 2020, 2021; Oppenheimer et al., 2017; Philippsen et al., 2021; Wacker et al., 2014), these exist for only some restricted time periods (for all currently recognized events see Brehm et al., 2022, 2021) and in most cases cannot be relied on to provide high-resolution dates.” (McDonald, 2023)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be considered that though radiometric dating is a means of theorizing the ages of organisms, elementary structures, and the earth itself, it inherently fails the criteria of empirical science and thus cannot be used to add to the body of what is considered scientific fact or knowledge. This is due to the absence of an absolute control, and an inability for modern science to observe historic and supposedly pre-historic chemical events of radiometric decay in relevant scenarios of interest. The broad assumption that there has been no change in the half-lives of relevant isotope decay systems is implausible based on alterations in decay rates in various solar, chemical, and radiative environments. Furthermore, the dating system has rigid requirements. Namely, a closed- system environment, the absence of contamination, and no presence of daughter isotope initially. The difference in results between different dating methods presents further cause for concern. Thus, it is advised that an alternative means based on an absolute standard is used to determine the age of the earth and its materials.

References:

Steinitz, G., O. Piatibratova, and P. Kotlarsky. "Possible effect of solar tides on radon signals." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 102.8 (2011): 749-765.

Weeks, K. J., and P. G. O'Shea. "Production of radioisotopes by direct electron activation." Medical Physics 25.4 (1998): 488-492.

Wang, B., et al. "Change of the 7 Be electron capture half-life in metallic environments." The European Physical Journal A-Hadrons and Nuclei 28 (2006): 375-377.

Sturrock, Peter A. "Neutrino-flux variability, nuclear-decay variability, and their apparent relationship." Space Science Reviews 218.4 (2022): 23.

Pommé, Stefaan, and Krzysztof Pelczar. "Neutrino-induced decay: a critical review of the arguments." Space Science Reviews 218.8 (2022): 64.

Villa, Igor M., et al. "IUGS–IUPAC recommendations and status reports on the half-lives of 87Rb, 146Sm, 147Sm, 234U, 235U, and 238U (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and applied chemistry 94.9 (2022): 1085-1092.

Pesce, Giovanni. "The need for a new approach to the radiocarbon dating of historic mortars." Radiocarbon 65.5 (2023): 1017-1021.

Lee, Tae-Ho, et al. A comparative study of different radiometric dating techniques applied to Quaternary volcanic rocks from Jeju Island, South Korea." Geosciences Journal 28.5 (2024): 733-746.

Andersson, Björn, et al. "Cross‐contamination risks in sediment‐based resurrection studies of phytoplankton." Limnology and Oceanography Letters 8.2 (2023): 376-384.

Holdaway, Richard N., et al. "Evidence for old carbon contamination in 14 C wiggle-match age series

for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano." Geochronology Discussions 2021 (2021): 1-27.
Inglis, Jeremy D., et al. "Using U–Th isochrons to assess 230Th–234U model age data from uranium metals." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry (2025): 1-11.

Li, Xiaohui, et al. "Assimilation of upper plate rocks at convergent margins contributes to the low δ18O isotopic signature of erupted magma." Communications Earth & Environment 6.1 (2025): 515.

Iles, Kieran A., Janet M. Hergt, and Jon D. Woodhead. "Multi-scale isotopic heterogeneity reveals a complex magmatic evolution: An example from the wallundry suite granitoids of the lachlan fold belt, Australia." Frontiers in Earth Science 11 (2023): 1101331.

de Melo, Gustavo Henrique Coelho, et al. "Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids leaching older seafloor exhalative rocks to form the IOCG deposits of the Carajás Province, Brazil: evidence from boron isotopes." Precambrian Research 365 (2021): 106412.

Chiaradia, Massimo. "Radiometric dating applied to ore deposits: theory and methods." Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. 15-35.

Carleton, W. Christopher, and Huw S. Groucutt. "Sum things are not what they seem: Problems with point-wise interpretations and quantitative analyses of proxies based on aggregated radiocarbon dates." The Holocene 31.4 (2021): 630-643.

McDonald, Liam, and Sturt W. Manning. "A simulation approach to quantify the parameters and limitations of the radiocarbon wiggle-match dating technique." Quaternary Geochronology 75 (2023): 101423.

Ward, Ingrid, and Piers Larcombe. "Sedimentary unknowns constrain the current use of frequency analysis of radiocarbon data sets in forming regional models of demographic change." Geoarchaeology 36.3 (2021): 546-570.

Inaccuracies in radiocarbon dating. Cornell University (2018)
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180605112057.htm#google_vignette

David, Moses. Personal Interview. 11 July 2025

Hajdas, Irka, et al. "Radiocarbon dating." Nature Reviews Methods Primers 1.1 (2021): 62.

Ramsey, Christopher Bronk. "Radiocarbon calibration: from bane to blessing." Radiocarbon 66.6 (2024): 2036-2046.

0 Comments

The Fossil Record Speaks for Itself!

7/9/2025

0 Comments

Article #7 on Noah's Flood & Science

(Authors: Sean Michael Morris; Moses David, PhD in Chemical Engineering; Preethi Morris, PhD Researcher)

The fossil record is the backbone of Darwinism and Macroevolution. This record has been radically misinterpreted by Atheists. A conflict of interest has confused the interpreters for centuries. Personal bias against God has brought to birth countless theories that are imposed upon the fossil record. Naturally, they are misreading the testimony of the rocks. Erroneous ages produced by radiometric dating aren't helping the situation. It is high time that believers take back the fossil record by providing a correct interpretation.

This article is not a science lesson. Firstly, we will explore what the Bible says about the flood and the fossil record. Secondarily, we will glean from science to better understand the superior wisdom of Holy Scripture. The Word of God will explicitly guide us into the science of the fossil record.

The Baptism of the Flood in the Days of Noah

Baptism is an appropriate description for the worldwide flood in the days of Noah. We learn this from the apostle Peter in 1 Peter 3:18-22. The word baptism in Greek literally means immersion. During the flood, “the old world” was fully immersed in water (2 Pet. 2:5). The water stood 26 feet above the tallest mountain on earth after 150 days of flooding (Gen. 7:20, 24). Then the water receded for a total of 165 days (Gen. 8:13). During the recession, a new world emerged out of the water.

The Eyewitnesses of the Flood

The differences between the old and new world were staggering to behold, but only those who lived in the old world could tell the difference. We are talking about men like Noah, Shem, and Japheth, seeing that Ham eventually became an apostate (Gen. 9:18-27). They told everyone else about what existed on the other side of the flood. Noah and Shem were especially faithful in making sure that all their disciples in the up-and-coming generations knew about the flood (Gen. 6:8-9, 9:26-27, 14:18). Noah lived 600 years before the flood and 350 years after the flood. Shem lived 98 years before the flood and 502 years after the flood. Their unique longevity of life allowed them to personally teach over 10 generations of disciples. Hence, Melchizedek acted as a Priest for Abraham in Genesis 14:17-24.

This brings us to the testimony of Job, Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar, and Elihu. Their discourse in the Book of Job is filled with many weighty and complex doctrines. Their fluency in theology is unquestionable. How do you think these primitive believers learned all these things? Internal evidence in Scripture puts Job and his contemporaries in the 5th generation from Noah. Evidently, they were all personally discipled by Noah and Shem. However, they didn’t refer to Noah and Shem by name in the Book of Job. Job, Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar, and Elihu called Noah and Shem ancients because of their great age (Job 12:12-13).

“With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding. With him is wisdom and strength, he hath counsel and understanding.” - Job 12:12-13

As ancients, Noah and Shem were much older than their fathers and grandfathers (Job 15:10). They were Patriarchs in the old world who survived the flood and lived to tell the story in the new world. Given their “length of days” it is easy to see how they acquired such wisdom, understanding, and counsel (Job 12:12-13). Noah and Shem were discipled in the old world by men who personally knew Adam for hundreds of years. Lamech, Noah’s father, personally knew Adam, Seth, and Enoch. Keep in mind that the Patriarchs were obligated to pass on the knowledge of God to the next generation. This obligation is reflected in the Law (Ps. 44:1, 71:18, 78:1-7, Joel 1:2-3; see Ex. 10:2, 13:8-9, 14, Deut. 4:9, 6:4-9, 20-25). Therefore, we can be sure that Job, Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar, and Elihu became fluent in theology through the teaching of Noah and Shem, even as they repeatedly emphasized during their discourse (Job 5:1, 27, 6:10, 8:8-10, 12:12-13, 15:7-10, 17-19, 20:4).

Experts in the Field of Noah’s Flood

Noah and Shem’s eyewitness testimonies about the flood were kept alive through their disciples. Now they serve as experts in this field. Just listen to them speak! Why is the discourse in the Book of Job filled with biblical geology? Because it is impossible to comprehend the flood without biblical geology.

Noah is the first person to tell us about “the fountains of the great deep” in the Bible (Gen. 7:11). Therefore, we can be sure that Noah told his disciples everything he knew by prophecy about these fountains and how they were employed by God to bring about the flood. Noah’s disciples called these fountains “the springs of the Sea” (Job 38:16). They knew of their existence and utility, and that they were located at the bottom of the Ocean (Job 38:8-11, 16). They even knew how these fountains related to the “decreed” boundaries of the Sea with respect to dry land (Job 26:10, 38:8-11). Evidently, Solomon the wise learned these details of biblical geology from them (Prov. 8:23-31).

More specifically, Noah’s disciples knew that dryland was originally built with a “breadth” and “foundations” that made it immovable and unsinkable (Job 38:1-7, 18; Ps. 104:5). However, when God repented and decided to flood the world (Gen. 6:6-7), it was then that all the fountains of the great deep were “broken up” (Gen. 7:11, Job 38:8-11), and consequentially “the deep” overflowed the foundations of the earth and stood above the highest mountains (Ps. 104:6).

Noah was both a Seer and an eyewitness of the flood. He couldn’t speak of these things without pathos and enthusiasm. Any type of personal relationship with him would have deeply impacted Job, Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar, and Elihu. Oh, to see Noah tell the story! Only an eyewitness could have told them about the Continental Sprint that occurred in the breakup of Pangea. Famous geologists in modern times have explained how this breakup during the flood would have caused a mega-sequence of tsunamis that was big enough to wash over whole continents. Job and his companions provide some shocking details about this geological catastrophe.

Noah saw mighty mountains getting struck by tsunamis with such force that they were visibly falling, overturning, and disappearing during the flood. Meanwhile, the surrounding terrain of the world was repeatedly and violently in upheaval. Consequentially, the landscape and topography of the earth radically changed. Rivers disappeared, appeared, and changed places. Great canyons were formed during the recession. All this and more was described by Job and his companions.

Continental Sprint

Secular scientists promote the bogus theory of continental drift. Creation scientists promote the idea of a continental sprint. Both agree that the supercontinent, Pangea, was broken apart into seven continents.

Famous geologists have labored hard to give an explanation as to how this happened during the flood, and everyone agrees that their work is an indispensable contribution to this field. It is easy to imagine how the rapid formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System would have brought about a mega-sequence of tsunamis worldwide. We are talking about 40,000 miles of underwater mountains going around the world! For instance, the Mid Atlantic Ridge is only a part of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and everyone can clearly see how it was produced during the creation of the Atlantic Ocean when the West was separated from the East. However, now we need to harmonize this geological explanation with the ancient testimonies that are preserved in Holy Scripture.

Geological Catastrophe Consistent with a Mega-Sequence of Tsunamis

Worldwide tsunamis on this scale created sedimentary upheaval in every wave of water. Each wave also swept away a mixture of marine and terrestrial animals (both dead and alive!) along with loads of organic material. Given the circumstances, as each tsunami passed by or expired, a thick cloud of sedimentary sludge quickly sank to the face of drowned continents with great force and buried all the animals and organic material in tens to hundreds of feet of mud, sand, rock, and volcanic ash. Now imagine this in a mega-sequence of tsunamis worldwide! Repeated tsunamis on a grand scale sent waves across whole continents in all directions with every earthquake that was being caused by the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System during the division of the continents. All this is to say nothing about the tsunamis that were being created by powerful injections of water coming from the breakup of all the fountains of the great deep (Gen. 7:11).

Sedimentary Layers of Rock Infused with Trillions of Fossils Created by a Mega-Sequence of Tsunamis

During the flood, each tsunami left in its wake a sedimentary layer that was tens to hundreds of feet thick. For some perspective, an earthquake in 2011 caused a 130-foot tsunami to strike Japan and it deposited up to two feet of sediment on land. The natural outcome of a mega-sequence of tsunamis, lasting ≈110 days, is the stacking of these sedimentary layers until they were thousands of feet thick. Trillions of dead things that were buried in the midst were then put into an environment that was perfect for fossilization.

The epic scenery of a scarred world helps us visualize the power of the flood. the Grand Canyon brings into view 15,000 feet of sedimentary layers, all of which were laid down and turned into rock during ≈110 days of flooding and ≈74 days of recession respectively. The canyon itself only exists due to the runoff waters of the flood. We are looking at 6,000 feet of water erosion that carved a massive chasm in pure rock 18 miles wide and 277 miles long, something that was easily done during the recession of ≈693 million trillion gallons of water for the latter part of ≈90 days.

Fossilization takes place when the remains of organisms are preserved in rock. This is not a normal occurrence in nature. Usually, when organisms die, they simply decompose and turn into dust. The skeletons of our modern graveyards aren’t turning into fossils! Nor is the roadkill of our highways. Why? Soil that is made up of mud, sand, or ash doesn’t normally encounter geological circumstances (water, pressure, & temperature) that would turn it into rock on a time scale where a dead organism would still be intact, which would then allow the dead thing to be preserved in rock. Understandably, if the soil doesn’t turn into rock, then the buried organisms will not be fossilized.

Sedimentary Layers of Rock & Fossilization

A correlation exists between the formation of sedimentary layers of rock and fossils. Deposited sediment turns into a sedimentary layer of rock under similar conditions as when dead organisms turn into fossils. Having a basic understanding of both will help us reckon with the unusual possibilities and abnormal probabilities in the environment provided by a worldwide flood of biblical proportions.

Minimum Requirements for the Process of Fossilization

Fossilization is a process that requires a major flood of water which is carrying enough sediment in its current to rapidly and deeply bury organisms dead or alive. A minimum burial depth of 660 to 1,320 feet (0.125 to 0.25 miles) is required to begin this process of fossilization because it would provide a needed pressure of 2,000 to 5,000 psi and a temperature of 20 to 60 °C. Now that we have the data for a minimum burial depth, we need to determine how long it would take to complete the process of fossilization under these conditions.

Science proves that it would take a long time (years to centuries) to complete this process depending on the mineral saturation of the environment. However, higher temperatures / pressures will increase the rate of fossilization through accelerating the speed of mineralization. In laboratory conditions, fossilization was completed within several hours at a temperature of 100 °C (an increase of 40 °C) with a high supersaturation of minerals at a pH of 8 (Shukla and Sharma 2013). Evidently, even a small increase in temperature dramatically increased the rate of fossilization.

This will prove to be very important when it comes to the flood scenario because it provided an environment of extremely unusual and otherwise impossible pressures and temperatures. And with every increase in pressure and temperature, the faster and easier an organism would have become a fossil. Also, keep in mind that both pressure and temperature increase with the depth of burial. In other words, the deeper an organism is buried, the sooner it will become a fossil.

Minimum Requirements for the Process of Lithification – the Formation of Sedimentary Layers of Rock

Deposited sediment turns into a sedimentary layer of rock in a process called lithification. This process requires a major flood of water that is carrying a similar amount of sediment that is needed for fossilization. The sediment, like fossils, needs to be buried for the transformation to occur. A minimum burial depth of 2,640 to 5,280 ft (0.5 to 1 mile) would apply a needed pressure of 2,000 to 5,000 psi and a temperature of 20 to 40 °C to turn a sedimentary layer of mud, sand, or ash into rock. Only a slight increase in depth is needed for lithification compared to the data for fossilization.

Now that we have the data for a minimum burial depth, we need to determine how long it would take to complete the process of lithification under these conditions. Science proves that it would take a long time (years to centuries) to complete this process depending on the temperature and pressure of the environment, but laboratory experiments that provide a relatively small increase in temperature or pressure are proven to create the same leap in the rate of lithification.

Conclusively, we can all agree that an organism’s fossilization, or a sediment’s lithification, depends upon floodwater, sediment, and burial providing specialized ingredients of time, pressure, and temperature. The data points of minimums for each are impressive. However, amazingly, this data doesn’t accurately represent the conditions of the flood in the days of Noah. Factoring in the biblical details of the flood will significantly change the data, and then we need to reevaluate.

Factoring the Biblical Details of the Flood into the Equation

Christians should be going to the Bible for data on the flood. The details of the flood (time, pressure, & temperature) will change the conversation about the fossil record. This data includes an approximate peak elevation of floodwater (providing extremely high pressures and temperatures) and a timeline of major events during the flood (providing sufficient time). Have you ever heard of a biblical timeline for the flood? Both dates and days are provided in the Bible.

Date #1: Gen. 7:11
Date #2: Gen. 8:4
Date #3: Gen. 8:5
Date #4: Gen. 8:13
Date #5: Gen. 8:14

40 Days: Gen. 7:4, 12, 17
150 Days: Gen. 7:24

There are four phases in total: two phases of flooding and two phases of recession. During the slow phase of the flood, it rained ≈11.7 inches per day for 40 Days, and we can assume that the fountains of the great deep played a supplemental role in this flooding period (Gen. 7:4, 12, 17). But the outcome of this flooding is relatively insignificant when it comes to fossilization and lithification.

The fast phase of the flood and the slow phase of the recession provided the needed pressures and temperatures for rapid fossilization and lithification. In summary, you could say, everything was buried in 110 Days, and everything was fossilized in 74 Days. Why? Let me explain. Although pressure and temperature have a synergistic relationship in the process of fossilization, we will discuss these two things independently for the sake of clarity.

The Extreme Hydrostatic Pressures Created by the Floodwater

During the fast phase of the flood, we can assume that erosion dramatically widened the already broken fountains of the great deep, and this caused the floodwater to rise ≈154 feet per day for 110 Days reaching a maximum elevation of ≈16,971 feet (Gen. 7:18-24).

The Ark was grounded on the mountain of Ararat on Day 150 of the flood, the same day that the floodwater reached its peak elevation – 26 feet (15 cubits) above the tallest mountain on earth (Gen. 7:20, 8:4). Apparently, Ararat was the tallest mountain on earth at the time, because the Ark was grounded on it while sitting in the water at a depth of ≈39 feet. Therefore, we can be sure that the flood reached an elevation of ≈16,971 feet, and this provided a hydrostatic pressure of ≈7,300 psi. Higher mountains, like Everest, didn’t exist at the time, and weren’t created until the recession period of the flood.

A hydrostatic pressure of ≈7,000 psi, even for a short amount of time, is revolutionary to the conversation about fossilization. However, we aren’t talking about a short amount of time. During the slow phase of the recession, the floodwater elevation only dropped ≈26 feet in 74 Days (Gen. 8:3, 5). That is ≈4 inches per day for ≈74 Days! Consequentially, the floodwater was providing a sustained hydrostatic pressure of ≈7,000 psi for over two months. Maybe the LORD purposefully making fossils? It wasn’t until the fast phase of the recession that the floodwater dropped ≈188 feet per day for 90 Days.

The Superheated Hydrothermal Temperatures Created by the Floodwater

Naturally, during the slow phase of flooding (40 Days), the mouth of the broken-up fountains was relatively narrow. Supernaturally, God did this to set the stage for Messianic Typology (1 Pet. 3:18-22). Naturally, during the fast phase of flooding (110 Days), we can assume that erosion dramatically widened the already broken fountains, and this caused the outflow of water to increase. Supernaturally, this was done to create an unforgettable burial during the baptism.

When the slow phase transitioned into the fast phase of flooding, the rising floodwater accelerated from ≈11.7 inches daily to ≈154 feet daily, and after a total of 150 Days it reached a maximum elevation of ≈16,971 feet (Gen. 7:18-24). Reimagining this in terms of gallons, a worldwide flood at this elevation required ≈693 million trillion gallons of water to be added to the surface of the world. A staggering ≈6 million trillion gallons of superheated water was coming up through the fountains of the great deep daily for 110 Days! This was made possible through the presence of deep underground oceans that exceed the volume of our current oceans by a factor of three.

Keep in mind that there are ≈348 million trillion gallons of water in the Earth’s oceans today sitting at a average temperature of 3.5 °C. At the breaking open of the fountains of the great deep, superhot pressurized water came up from the depths of the earth! Superheated water is liquid water that has been heated to a temperature above its normal boiling point (100 °C or 212 °F at standard atmospheric pressure) without actually boiling.

A hydrostatic pressure of 7,000 psi was compressing the superheated water and preventing it from boiling. Therefore, it could have been surging out of the fountains of the deep at a temperature exceeding 400 °C. For some perspective, the highest recorded temperature of water at a hydrothermal vent is 464 °C. Naturally, during the flood, the temperatures of the floodwater coming from the fountains of the deep depended upon the depth of each fountain, as depicted in the table.

“At a depth of 10 miles (52,800 ft) below the Earth’s surface, the temperature is 432 °C, and thus the water released from this depth will be at this temperature. Water released from other depths are also depicted in the table, gradually increasing by about 42 °C for every 1 mile below the earth’s surface. At atmospheric pressure, the water is in a superheated state when it is released from depths greater than 2 miles (10,560 ft) below the earth’s surface.

High volumes of superheated water being released at high pressures from great depths all around the world would have caused massive tsunamis. As the superheated water interacted with the cold surface water, massive amount of turbulence was created which in turn produced tsunami waves of superheated water and superheated steam depending on the location of the fountain.” – Moses David, PhD in Chemical Engineering

Volcanic activity worldwide, submarine lava spills during the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and superheated water from the fountains of the great deep all contributed to the creation of superheated tsunami waves. Also, superheated hydrothermal currents have the tendency to be supersaturated with minerals. Therefore, realistically, these were superheated and supersaturated tsunami waves crashing upon freshly laid sedimentary layers, thus creating a perfect environment for widespread fossilization.

The upper sedimentary layers were not exempt from fossilization in this case. Immense pressures and superhot temperatures (in the presence of supersaturated water) were being applied to all the sedimentary layers created during the first ≈110 Days of flooding, even the upper layers of sediment, because at least ≈16,000 feet of water covered the earth for well over ≈74 Days. Consequentially, the conditions were present to lithify the top layers of sediment as the organic material within was fossilized. The data provided makes sense of all four types of fossilization: Permineralization, Mold & Cast, Compression, and Carbonization.

Permineralization Fossilization

Partially decomposed dead things experience Permineralization Fossilization. Soft tissue such as organs, fat, connective tissue, and skin is decomposed leaving behind the hard parts such as bones, shells, and teeth. The remaining organic material is then transformed into stone through a process called permineralization or petrification. Mineral rich water from the surrounding area permeates the remains of the organism while depositing minerals like silica, calcite, and iron. The minerals precipitate out and solidify within it effectively replacing the original material.

Any improbabilities of fossilization are radically minimized if not totally removed when it comes to the flood in the days of Noah. Permineralization Fossilization occurs under moderate pressure and temperature conditions characteristic of a shallow burial in a short amount of time. It is commonly reported that Permineralization Fossilization takes thousands to millions of years to occur, but it has been accomplished in laboratory conditions in 1 to 3 days at a pressure of 825-1350 psi and a temperature of 30-90 °C with calcium carbonate (Montes-Hernandez et al), in 2 to 8 weeks at a pressure of 180 psi and a temperature of up to 180 °C with silica (Goetze et al), and in 1 to 16 weeks at a pressure of 15 psi and a temperature of 250 °C with iron under oxidizing conditions (Picard et al). These pressures and temperatures were easily achieved in the real world during the flood as the bodies of organisms were being rapidly buried at depths of 660 to 1320 feet (0.125 to 0.25 miles).

However, even the upper levels of sediment, ranging from 1 to 660 feet, cannot be excluded from permineralization fossilization during the flood in the days of Noah. The needed time, pressure, and temperature were all still present. Volcanic activity worldwide, submarine lava spills during the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and superheated water from the fountains of the great deep all contributed to the creation of superheated tsunami waves, thus providing extremely hot temperatures for rapid fossilization. A pressure of ≈7,000 psi being applied by ≈16,000 feet of floodwater for at least 74 Days provided the time and extreme pressures necessary for rapid fossilization.

Casting and Molding Fossilization

Totally decomposed dead things experience Casting & Molding Fossilization. The organism completely dissolves leaving behind a hollow space or impression in the sediment called a mold. If the mold is eventually filled with minerals, it then forms a three-dimensional replica of rock called a cast. This process allows for the fossilization of soft-bodied organisms as long as they are rapidly buried before decomposition.

Any improbabilities of fossilization are radically minimized if not totally removed when it comes to the flood in the days of Noah. Casting & Molding Fossilization occurs under moderate pressure and temperature conditions characteristic of a shallow burial in a short amount of time. It is commonly reported that Casting & Molding takes thousands to millions of years to occur, but it has been accomplished in laboratory conditions in 24 hours at a pressure of 3,750 psi with a temperature of 190 °C (Arindam Roy, et al). These pressures and temperatures were easily achieved in the real world during the flood as the bodies of organisms were being rapidly buried at depths of 660 to 1,320 feet (0.125 to 0.25 miles).

However, even the upper levels of sediment, ranging from 1 to 660 feet, cannot be excluded from casting & molding fossilization during the flood in the days of Noah. The needed time, pressure, and temperature were all still present. Volcanic activity worldwide, submarine lava spills during the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and superheated water from the fountains of the great deep all contributed to the creation of superheated tsunami waves, thus providing extremely hot temperatures for rapid fossilization. A pressure of ≈7,000 psi being applied by ≈16,000 feet of floodwater for at least 74 Days provided the time and extreme pressures necessary for rapid fossilization.

Compression Fossilization

It is common to find plants preserved through Compression Fossilization. The organic material of such organisms is flattened by the weight of overlying sediment resulting in compression fossils, which retain small amounts of organic material, which often forms a thin carbon-rich film.

Compression Fossilization occurs under moderate pressure and temperature conditions characteristic of a relatively shallow burial at a pressure of 150 to 7,500 psi (0.1 to 1 mile) with a temperature between 50 to 200°C (1 to 3 miles). It is commonly reported that Compression Fossilization takes thousands to millions of years to occur, but it has been accomplished in laboratory conditions within 1 to 2 days at 130 to 250 °C and 2,400 to 4,500 psi (Roy et al, Saitta et al). These pressures and temperatures were easily achieved in the real world during the flood as the bodies of organisms were being rapidly buried at depths of 5,280 to 15,840 feet (1 to 3 miles).

However, even the upper levels of sediment, ranging from 1 to 5,280 feet, cannot be excluded from compression fossilization during the flood in the days of Noah. The needed time, pressure, and temperature were all still present. Volcanic activity worldwide, submarine lava spills during the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and superheated water from the fountains of the great deep all contributed to the creation of superheated tsunami waves, thus providing extremely hot temperatures for rapid fossilization. A pressure of ≈7,000 psi being applied by ≈16,000 feet of floodwater for at least 74 Days provided the time and extreme pressures necessary for rapid fossilization.

Carbonization Fossilization

Decomposing dead things release gases and fluids enabling Carbonization Fossilization. Consequentially, a carbon residue, or film, is left behind resulting in a two-dimensional imprint of the organism. The carbon compound gives the film a dark blackened appearance.

Carbonization Fossilization occurs under moderate pressure and temperature conditions characteristic of a shallow burial at pressures of 1,500 to 15,000 psi with temperatures of 80 to 250 °C. It is commonly reported that Carbonization Fossilization takes thousands to millions of years to occur, but it has been accomplished in laboratory conditions in a timeframe of hours to weeks at a pressure of 150 to 3600 psi and a temperature of 180 to 280 °C (Gulec et al, Libra et al, Saba et al, Titiric et al and Flori, et al). These pressures and temperatures were easily achieved in the real world during the flood as the bodies of organisms were being rapidly buried at depths of 1,056 to 10,560 feet (0.2 to 2 miles).

However, even the upper levels of sediment, ranging from 1 to 1,056 feet, cannot be excluded from carbonization fossilization during the flood in the days of Noah. The needed time, pressure, and temperature were all still present. Volcanic activity worldwide, submarine lava spills during the formation of the Mid Ocean Ridge System, and superheated water from the fountains of the great deep all contributed to the creation of superheated tsunami waves, thus providing extremely hot temperatures for rapid fossilization. A pressure of ≈7,000 psi being applied by ≈16,000 feet of floodwater for at least 74 Days provided the time and extreme pressures necessary for rapid fossilization.

The Fossil Record Speaks for Itself!

“The memory of the just is blessed: but the name of the wicked shall rot.” – Prov. 10:7

The flood in the days of Noah made the foundation rock of the new world a graveyard of death that is forever etched in stone. Science proves that fossilization is no longer a mere possibility during the flood; that possibility has now become extremely probable; and that probability is a certainty as it aligns with the testimony of Holy Scripture.

Evolutionists of the scientific community have been very much preoccupied with the fossil record for all the wrong reasons. They have attempted in vain to control the story that is being told by the fossil record. The original story of the fossil record can be found in the Bible. Job was speaking about fossils under inspiration in Job 26:5-6.

The rocks have a story to tell if you know how to read it. Unbelievers read the rocks and call the fossil record a story of evolution, even though the missing links have never been found. New species are called miracles of evolution. Sinners blasphemously pay respect to Mother Nature. Meanwhile, believers say that the fossil record is telling a story about the flood. He that hath an ear, let him hear.

Our inquiry will begin by asking questions about the fish. Job said to “speak to” or “ask” the “fishes”, indicating that he was talking about more than one species of fish (Job 12:7, 8). In other words, Job was referring to the fossil record of marine animals. “The Fish of the Sea” is a generic term used in Genesis 1:26 to refer to all marine animals (Gen. 1:26).

“Or speak…and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.” – Job 12:7-8

A story is being told in the rocks! “Ask” these fish and they will “declare” to you how they were rapidly buried alive in the sediment of a flood, and it all happened so fast that these marine animals didn’t have time to finish eating their lunch. They were frozen in position and fossilized, indicating that they were struck by the sediment of a fast-moving tsunami travelling extremely fast! Deep ocean tsunamis in modern times, which are small in comparison, have been recorded traveling up to 500 mph.

How can jellyfish be fossilized? Jellyfish are extremely delicate creatures whose bodies are soft and made up of 95% water. They are extremely vulnerable to decomposition! Nevertheless, hundreds of fossilized jellyfish have been found in sandstone with the imprint of their entire bodies intact. This indicates that the jellyfish were suddenly and deeply buried in sand, and the sand then quickly turned into sandstone, thus preventing the presence of oxygen from promoting the decay of the jellyfish.

“But **ask…the fowls of the air, and they shall tell *thee***:” – Job 12:7-8

Birds, insects, and plants are particularly difficult to fossilize because of their weakness, vulnerability, and delicacy. Nevertheless, they are found abundantly everywhere in the fossil record. Even the most fragile features of this fossilized bird are marvelously preserved! Impressions of the feathers and even some organs are visible even to untrained eyes. “Ask” the “Fowls” and they will “tell” you that they were rapidly buried by the flood to enable such exquisite preservation.

“But ask now the **beasts, and they shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

“Ask” the “beasts” and they will “teach” you how they were rapidly buried the sediment of a flood, and it all happened so fast that some terrestrial animals were buried alive and didn’t have enough time to finish giving birth. This beast, the ichthyosaur dinosaur, was frozen in position while giving birth, exactly like the fish were frozen in position while eating another fish. Literally, the infant of the beast was still making its way through the birth canal when a tsunami struck and suddenly buried them in hundreds of feet of sediment. Tsunamis travelling hundreds of miles per hour crossed oceans and continents with ease.

“Or speak…and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.” – Job 12:7-8

A mixture of terrestrial and marine fossils have been found on dry land all over the world, even in the sedimentary layers of the highest mountains in the world, like the Himalayan Mountains. The presence of closed clam fossils are extremely remarkable! This indicates that the clams were buried and frozen alive in sediment. Fossilized marine animals have even been found on the summit of Mount Everest! Fossilized trilobites, brachiopods, ostracods, and crinoids were found at the summit of the highest mountain in the world.

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

Massive graveyards of fossils have been uncovered all over the world. Among the many terrestrial animals, like dinosaurs, you can see marine animals like crocodilians, turtles, and clams in the same sedimentary layer of rock. They all died together! The fossils are telling a story of worldwide destruction and death, as is vividly displayed at the Dinosaur National Monument of Utah.

Ask the “Earth” and it will “teach” you about how petrified trees were rapidly buried vertically in multiple layers of sedimentary rock, which is impossible if each of these sedimentary layers were created over the space of thousands to millions of years. These trees, commonly called polystrate fossils, prove that these sedimentary layers were laid down and turned into rock during one flood event rather than innumerable ones spanning millions of years.

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

Granted, sometimes we need the help of a Geologist to correctly read the rocks. Listen to Andrew Snelling give his own expert analysis of the rocks at the Grand Canyon: “At the boundaries between some sedimentary layers we find evidence of only rapid erosion. In most other cases, the boundaries are flat, featureless, and knife-edge, with absolutely no evidence of any erosion, which is consistent with no long periods of elapsed time, as would be expected during the global, cataclysmic Genesis Flood.” (Andrew Snelling).

Noticeable warping, bending, and folding can be seen in the sedimentary layers of rock at the Grand Canyon. Amazingly, this bending took place without the rocks breaking! This begs the question: “How could a series of sedimentary layers fold without fracturing? The only way is for all the sedimentary layers to be laid down in rapid succession and then be folded while still soft and pliable.” (Andrew Snelling).

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

At the bottom of the Grand Canyon, the rock of the preflood world is exposed. Geologists call this site the Great Unconformity. You can see where the sedimentary layers of rock from the flood were laid down upon the granite bedrock of the continents. The same kind of bedrock, an igneous rock, serves as a 20-mile-deep foundation to the continents. Standing there among the towering columns of sedimentary rock gives people some perspective! Divine providence made it possible for visitors to go there and stand with their own two feet upon the same rock that was created on Day #3 of creation week. Tourists are then forced to reckon with mountains of evidence that is standing before them. However, sadly, not everyone is learning the hard lessons of history.

“Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men.” – 2 Pet. 3:3-7

Truly, the fossil record speaks for itself! But not everyone is hearing it. Prophecy is being fulfilled as dishonest sinners continue to scoff at the evidence of the flood. The fish, beasts, birds, and rocks of the Earth cannot be silenced! We only need to be honest with the evidence that is all around us. Intellectuals and professionals will continue in a position of convenience to escape the derision of scoffers, but they do this at their own peril. Popularity in a world of sinners comes with a price (Luke 6:26, 1 Cor. 1:26). Not many wise and noble are called (1 Cor. 1:26). The apostle Peter says that they are “willingly ignorant” of these indisputable facts. The day of judgment shall declare it.

References:

Shukla, A., & Sharma, T. (2013) Precipitation kinetics of calcium carbonate in simulated geothermal conditions. Journal of Crystal Growth, 362, 207-212

Roy, A., Pittman, M., Kaye, T.G., & Saitta, E.T. (2023) Sediment encased pressure-temperature maturation experiments elucidate the impact of diagenesis on melanin-based fossil color and its paleobiological implications. Paleobiology, 2023, 1-21

Picard, A., Kappler, A., Schmid, G., Quaroni, L., & Obst, M. (2015). Experimental diagenesis of organo‑mineral structures formed by microaerophilic Fe(II)‑oxidizing bacteria. Nature Communications, 6, Article 6277. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7277

Oehler, J. H., & Schopf, J. W. (1971). Artificial microfossils: Experimental studies of permineralization of blue‑green algae in silica. Science, 174(4011), 1229–1231.

Mani, K. (1996). Permineralization. In Fossils: A window to the past. Retrieved from UCMP website. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permineralization

Götz, A. E., Montenari, M., & Costin, G. (2017). Silicification and organic matter preservation in the Anisian Muschelkalk: Implications for the basin dynamics of the central European Muschelkalk Sea. Central European Geology, 60, 1–23.

Güleç, F., Acar, C., & Yildiz, G. (2021). Influence of Pressure on the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass. *Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery*, 11(3), 1023–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00785-w

Libra, J. A., Ro, K. S., Kammann, C., Funke, A., Berge, N. D., Neubauer, Y., ... & Emmerich, K. H. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis. *Biofuels*, 2(1), 71–106. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.10.81

Saba, A., El-Naas, M. H., & Ahsan, M. (2018). A review on biomass hydrothermal carbonization: Process parameters, characterization, and applications. *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, 90, 936–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.138

Titirici, M. M., Thomas, A., Yu, S. H., Müller, J. O., & Antonietti, M. (2007). A direct synthesis of mesoporous carbons with bicontinuous pore morphology from crude plant material by hydrothermal carbonization. *Chemistry of Materials*, 19(17), 4205–4212. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0707408

Fiori, L., Basso, D., Castello, D., & Baratieri, M. (2014). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: Design of a batch reactor and preliminary experimental results. *Chemical Engineering Transactions*, 37, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET14370010

0 Comments

Two Phases of Flooding in the Days of Noah?

6/28/2025

0 Comments

Article #6 on Noah's Flood & Science

Although the floodwater increased upon the earth for a total of 150 Days, according to Genesis 7:24, the timeline provided in Scripture indicates that there were two distinct phases of flooding. Do you know there is a biblical timeline of the worldwide flood? Both dates and days are provided as follows:

Date #1: Gen. 7:11
Date #2: Gen. 8:4
Date #3: Gen. 8:5
Date #4: Gen. 8:13
Date #5: Gen. 8:14

40 Days: Gen. 7:4, 12, 17
150 Days: Gen. 7:24.

These details are provided in the Bible so interpreters can map out the major events of the flood because this has theological, meteorological, and geological implications. The two phases of flooding can be discerned by the count of days provided in the timeline: 40 Days & 150 Days. These days correspond with the events marked on Date #1 and Date #2. In summary, the first 40 Days of slow flooding were followed by 110 Days of rapid cataclysmic flooding (Gen. 7:4, 12, 24). The killing time was followed by a cleansing time of baptismal waters.

A detailed analysis of what happened in the first 40 Days of the flood is provided in Article #1 entitled: Reconciling the Geophysics and Meteorology of the Flood & the Recession to the Biblical Timeline. Assuming that you have read and agree with this article, you now see how rain was weaponized for the killing time of sinners during the first 40 Days of the flood (Gen. 7:4; Ps. 104:35). However, the creation of rain for this purpose does not omit the importance of the geological event called, the BREAKING UP and STOPPING of the fountains of the great deep, according to Genesis 7:11 and Genesis 8:2. A worldwide flood would have been impossible without the fountains of the great deep! This is made abundantly clear in the subsequent 110 Days of the flood.

The floodwater was only rising ≈11.7 inches per day during the killing time of rain for the first 40 Days. Modern hurricanes and cyclones have done this in isolated locations without the help of fountains. However, immediately after 40 Days, and for the next 110 Days, the floodwater began to rise 154 feet per day (6.4 ft per hour) to an elevation of 16,971 feet. Floodwater like this worldwide could not have come from rainfall even if the atmosphere was completely saturated with water vapor. This fact can be demonstrated mathematically by the following equations.

“At 100% humidity worldwide, the maximum amount of water vapor that can be contained in the Earth’s atmosphere is 12,900 cubic kilometers or 3,100 cubic miles. In terms of mass, that is approximately 13 trillion kilograms or 13,000 billion tons of water. This may seem like a lot, but if this amount of water was poured out upon the Earth’s surface worldwide it would form a layer of floodwater only ≈1 inch deep.

However, of note, the mist / fog of clouds during intense rainstorms can be so saturated in one place due to winds that they sometimes reach 60,000 feet in altitude. But even if the entire atmospheric mass of 5.15 x 10^18 kg of air was replaced by water molecules (which is impossible, and it would make the earth uninhabitable), this would theoretically produce only ≈32 feet of water on the earth's surface. This comes nowhere near the 16,971 foot requirement for the flood in the Days of Noah. ” – Moses David, PhD in Chemical Engineering

This is conclusive evidence that the flood was impossible without the fountains of the great deep. Unless more water was added to the surface of the old world from somewhere, the worldwide sea level would remain the same. The rainfall would simply be recycled as it drained back into the sea through rivers, as stated in Ecclesiastes 1:7.

“All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.” – Eccl. 1:7

The fountains of the great deep had to be BROKEN OPEN! Massive amounts of water had to be injected into the sea of the old world through the BROKEN-UP springs that feed the seas (Job 38:16, Ps. 42:7; Ps. 135:6). Massive amounts of water had to be injected into the rivers of dry land through the BROKEN-UP fountains of Pangea (Deut. 33:13, Gen. 49:25, Deut. 8:7, Ezek. 31:4). For example, when “the fountains of the great deep” were OPENED in the wilderness of Sinai, according to Psalm 78:15-16 & Habakkuk 3:10, floods of water created two mighty rivers in the barren landscape of the desert (Ps. 105:41, 114:8, 107:35, 95:4). However, in contrast, during the worldwide flood in the Days of Noah, the fountains of the great deep were “BROKEN UP” rather than simply being OPENED. We are talking about a flood of about ≈693 million trillion gallons of water to be exact! Let me explain. The grounding of the Ark on Day 150 could have looked something like the following illustration.

The Ark was grounded on the mountain of Ararat on Day 150 of the flood when the floodwater reached its peak elevation – 26 feet (15 cubits) above the tallest mountain on earth (Gen. 7:20, 8:4). Evidently, Ararat was the tallest mountain on earth at the time, because the Ark was grounded on it while sitting in the water at a depth of ≈39 feet. Therefore, we can be sure that the flood had reached an elevation of ≈16,971 feet. Knowing the elevation of the floodwater, at ≈16,971 feet, enables us to calculate the approximate volume of water that was required to bring about the flood.

If our calculations are correct, the flood would have required ≈693 million trillion gallons of water, and there are only ≈348 million trillion gallons of water currently in the earth’s oceans. Nearly two times the amount of water in our oceans had to be added to the surface of the world to accomplish the flood.

Subsequently, during the recession, nearly two times the amount of water in our oceans had to be drained from the surface of the world. This is scientifically possible through deep underground oceans. The floodwater that came up through the fountains of the great deep was sourced by deep underground oceans (Gen. 7:11, 8:2). Hence, during the recession, the water went down the same way it came up.

0 Comments

DAY #3 OF CREATION: Earth, Seas, & Plants

5/1/2025

0 Comments

Article #3 on Creation & Science

The Bible Defines & Maps the Fountains of the Great Deep in the Underworld, Explaining their Function with Respect to the Earth, the Seas, & the Flood in the Days of Noah

The Creation of Earth as an Exploit of Divine Engineering

In the beginning, before Day #1, “the Earth” was created as a planet completely void of dry land (Gen. 1:1-2). The crust of the Earth was deep below the water. The narrator of Genesis described “the face of the deep” as “the face of the waters” that were completely covering the surface of our world (Gen. 1:2). Biblical evidence suggests that the depth of the worldwide ocean far exceeded the current depth of our oceans. On Day #3, God created “dry land” and called it “earth”.

“And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. And God called the dry land earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.” – Gen. 1:9-10

Originally, when dry land was first created, all the waters were “gathered together unto one place” (Gen. 1:9). Naturally, this means that all the dry land was also gathered together unto one place. The original landmass of earth was created as a supercontinent that was surrounded on all sides by ocean. All the continents that we now know were together as one in a supercontinent called Pangea.

“He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion.” – Jer. 10:12 (Jer. 51:15)

Mankind is easily impressed by the heavens, but the earth seems lackluster in comparison. The breathtaking colors at sunrise and sunset force everyone to stop and look! Similarly, the creation of dry land in our world should give earthlings some pause. People aren’t even motivated to explore the underworld to see how it works.

You have heard that glory, wisdom, honor, power, and might belong to God? Heaven is resounding with such shouts of praise because everyone there is beholden to these things (Rev. 7:12)! Even as Jeremiah saw divine power and wisdom being put on display in the creation of the earth (Jer. 10:12, 51:15).

“Ah Lord GOD! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee:” – Jer. 32:17

The creation of an unsinkable and immovable supercontinent of dry land was an exploit of divine engineering, especially if all the soil, rock, and magma originally resided deep under the waters of the planet. Some perspective is needed here to appreciate the wisdom and power of our Creator. This brings us to Job 38:1-7. Keep in mind that dry land was made to ascend from the underworld as underwater mountains. Only the tops of these mountains emerged out of the surface of the water to create dry land.

“Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me. Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?” – Job 38:1-7

The supercontinent of earth, as an immovable and unsinkable landmass, is like a huge underwater mountain of incomprehensible breadth coming up through a turbulent ocean. Therefore, like any manmade structure, it must have strong “foundations”. The “foundations” at the bottom must be capable of supporting the weight above it. Otherwise, it will sink into the magma of the underworld. The “foundations” must be “fastened” to be sturdy and immovable. Otherwise, it will lean, tip, or fall over. All this requires measurements with a “line” and calculations. Only this time God is the builder who is making the calculations (Heb. 3:4). Everything built upon the foundations needs to be technically joined in a robust connection like manmade stones are fastened to the cornerstone in an earthly building. Otherwise, the structure will collapse.

“Of old hast Thou laid the foundation of the earth...” - Psalm 102:25 (Heb. 1:10)

“…layeth the foundation of the earth” – Zech. 12:1

“…laid the foundation of the earth” – Isa. 48:13, 51:13, Job 38:1-7, Ps. 102:25

“…lay the foundations of the earth” – Isa. 51:16

“Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty…Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever.” – Psalm 104:1, 5

Can you relate? No one has ever built a skyscraper ascending from the seafloor the size of a mountain that plateaus to form a supercontinent. That’s the point! Omniscience has the blueprints.

“Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all.” - Job 38:18

“Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance? Who hath directed the Spirit of the LORD, or being his counsellor hath taught him?” – Isa. 40:12-13

At least we can understand how everything would need to be thoroughly accounted for in preparation for such a building. The master builder would need to comprehend the weight and measurement of all the materials. A perfect plan would need to be devised for its assembly, and the construction would have to be executed flawlessly while overcoming the power of the sea. All this would require the wisdom and power of Deity! Let all mortal flesh be silent.

Educated men need to learn the basics of biblical geology and biblical geography before espousing to manmade scientific theories. Students of the Bible encounter difficulties in this noble quest. Ancient terms and manners of speech do not always align with modern language. We need to study to discover what the Bible teaches about the seas, floods, lands, foundations, fountains, rivers, and depths of our world, and then discern how this validates or refutes modern theories of science.

Where are the Foundations of the World?

Where are the foundations of the world? Some people think this must be referring to the inner core of the earth. However, according to the Bible, the “foundations” of the world (i.e. dry land) are at the bottom of seas / oceans. For instance, when the Red Sea was parted, David said under inspiration, “the foundations of the world were discovered” (Ps. 18:15). The vantage point of Scripture repeatedly brings readers back to the divine exploits of Day #3 when dry land was created.

From the vantage point of the ocean floor, on Day #3, we might call the emerging continents underwater mountains. Jonah referred to them as “mountains” when a whale took him to the bottom of the ocean (Jonah 2:6). However, Scripture also refers to them as “the pillars of the earth” (1 Sam. 2:8, Job 9:4-6). This accounts for the sharp, uniform, and nearly vertical continental slope arising from the ocean basins, and how these underwater mountains plateau into vast continental plains. The world of dry land is set upon these pillars.

“He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the LORD'S, and he hath set the world upon them.” – 1 Sam. 2:8

By design, the emerging presence of dry land is immense, strong, robust, immovable, and reliable, like the sturdy pillars of a superstructure. However, there’s more to this than what meets the human eye. If we spent more time exploring the underworld to see it for ourselves, many untold mysteries would be unearthed. But so far people aren’t interested in a professional dig for educational purposes.

Geologists are content with untested and unverified theories about what lies beneath our feet. Or they are hindered and suppressed through power players of finance who refuse to give grants, making the exploration of the underworld impossible. But God knows exactly what is going on down there! The testimony of Scripture in ancient times has already revealed what is buried in darkness. Ultimately, we need to discover how the seas, the earth, and the fountains of the deep are interconnected and interacting in the grand scheme of life through the wisdom of our Creator.

Oceans, Seas, Floods, & the Deep

The word ocean does not appear in the Bible. The oceans are called seas. The seas are called the deep (Gen. 1:2, Isa. 51:10, Ezek. 26:19, Jonah 2:3, 2 Cor. 11:25). The deep waters of the seas are called depths (Ex. 15:5, 8; Ps. 68:22, 77:16, 106:9; Isa. 51:10, Ezek. 27:34). Both the seas and the deep are also called floods (Jonah 2:3, Ezek. 31:15). For example, the Red Sea is called “the flood” (Ps. 66:6; Ps. 74:13-15). The voice of the seas is the noise of the floods, which is literally the noise of the waves of the sea (Ps. 93:1-5). The roaring of the sea is the floods clapping their hands (Ps. 98:7-8).

“Whatsoever the LORD pleased, that did he in heaven, and in earth, in the seas, and all deep places.” - Psalm 135:6

There are deeper places than the Deep of the seas and its fountains. The giant worms of the abyss are evidence of this reality! But going down that path will lead to the Eternal Worms of Hell.

Actually, the Deep is a technical term of biblical geology that has a broad application because of how there is a vast amount of water under the seas in the great deep of the underworld. However, in order to dogmatically prove this to everyone’s satisfaction, I suppose we would have to enter the fountains of the seas to explore where they go, and why, to be able to document what is happening in the great depths.

“Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea? or hast thou walked in the search of the depth?” - Job 38:16

This is impossible. Therefore, I propose that we trust God and incorporate the testimony of the Bible into the scientific field of geology. Our own wisdom will be cursed if we ignore and disregard the wisdom of God in Holy Scripture (1 Cor. 1:18-31). Only the Word of God can serve as a lamp in the darkness of the underworld. Modern science isn’t even a spark next to this luminous flame! Holy men and prophets speak the truth. By faith, and through the power of divine inspiration, they spoke about the Deep with such detail, it is as if they had seen it for themselves. They were comprehending the immensity and complexity of what God has created (1 Cor. 2:10-14). You have heard that the Spirit searches all things? Yea, even the deep things of God (1 Cor. 2:10).

“Deep calleth unto Deep at the noise of thy waterspouts: all thy waves and thy billows are gone over me.” - Psalm 42:7

Let the inspired words of David motivate you to study biblical geology. The Deep in the underworld is much more sophisticated and complex than anyone can imagine! The floods of the seas and their fountains are associated with and connected to the earth and its fountains in the deep places of our world. The earth was literally established upon the floods! This is a marvelous feature of divine engineering that merits human admiration.

The Establishment of the Earth Upon the Floods

Psalm 24:1-2 is a strong indication of many unknown features of biblical geology. Colossal oversights exist in modern diagrams and maps of the underworld. However, more recent geological discoveries are working to correct these things. Once again, I propose we let the Scripture guide us into a perfect understanding of these things even when the consensus of scientists is erroneous or tardy.

“The earth is the LORD'S, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods.” - Psalm 24:1-2

Psalm 24:1-2 is commonly understood to mean that God has founded the earth in the midst of the seas. God has established it to come up through the floods. From the vantage point of dry land, the earth is visibly above the waters in elevation (Ps. 136:6). The waters are visibly “beneath” the dry land in elevation (Ex. 20:4, Deut. 4:18, 5:8). The earth is stationary in a fixed position even though the waters swell into massive waves and crash upon the coastline.

“Hear now this, O foolish people, and without understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear not: Fear ye not me? saith the LORD: will ye not tremble at my presence, which have placed the sand for the bound of the sea by a perpetual decree, that it cannot pass it: and though the waves thereof toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they not pass over it? But this people hath a revolting and a rebellious heart; they are revolted and gone.” - Jer. 5:21-23

God establishing dry land by giving the sea its boundaries is certainly a fearful demonstration of divine strength, especially since the full force of the ocean is continually roaring against the seashore (Ps. 93:3-4). By divine “decree” the LORD gave the sea its “bounds” (Prov. 8:29, Job 26:10, Ps. 104:9)! But there is more to be seen in the establishment of the land upon the floods.

The aforementioned interpretation of Psalm 24:1-2 is too shallow because it ignores some major parts of biblical geology – things like “the Deep”, “the Depths”, “the Springs of the Seas”, and “the Fountains of the Great Deep”. Obviously, our Creator has the final say on geology. According to the Word of God, there are great floods of water residing deep within the continents of dry land.

“And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the Deep that coucheth beneath,” – Deut. 33:13

“Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the Deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb:” – Gen. 49:25

Everyone already knows that the Deep refers to the depths of water in the seas (Lk. 5:4, 2 Cor. 11:25), but this geological term is also used to describe water in the depths underground in our continents. Literally, in this sense, the Deep is underground. This is partly why the Word of God explicitly stated that the LORD “founded” and “established” the dry land “upon” the “floods” of the seas in Psalm 24:1-2. This is not a mistranslation. Nor is it a misreading of semantics. Our geological understanding of the underworld needs to be updated. The fountains on land that spring up in valleys, hills, and mountains to form brooks and rivers all come from the depths of the Deep underground (Deut. 8:7, Ezek. 31:4).

“For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills;” – Deut. 8:7

“The waters made him great, the Deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent out her little rivers unto all the trees of the field.” – Ezek. 31:4

The Deep supplies our world with freshwater floods. The Euphrates River is called “the flood” (Joshua 24:2, 3, 14, 15). Think about how much water was coming out of the Garden of Eden in paradise, as the great river branched off into four rivers, when the LORD created an environmental cradle of paradise for humanity. It’s important to note that this flood of water wasn’t coming from rainfall (Gen. 2:5-6). The same questions should be asked in modern times. Where does all this water come from? The Euphrates springs out of the earth at 11,000 ft above sea level in the new world. This great flood of water travels 1,700 miles through four countries before emptying into the Persian Gulf.

The Jordan River is also called “the flood” (Ps. 74:15). It springs out of the earth at Mount Hermon at 1,800 ft above sea level. This great flood of water travels 156 miles before emptying into the Dead Sea in the most depressed location on earth. Where does all this water come from? Evidently, the dry land of our world has been established upon the floods. These floods come up from the depths at fountains or springs.

Rivers in the Wilderness

The rivers in the wilderness of Egypt didn’t come from the rainwater in groundwater (Ex. 17:6, Num. 20:11). The wilderness of Egypt was a desert. It was and still is a land of “drought” where there is “no water” (Deut. 8:15). Nevertheless, when Israel was liberated from Egypt and led into the wilderness, the LORD caused fountains to spring up through mighty rocks in the desert to form rivers. Annually, and decade by decade, the LORD quenched the thirst of millions of Jews and their livestock for 40 years by the same rivers.

“He opened the rock, and the waters gushed out; they ran in the dry places like a river.” - Psalm 105:41

“Which turned the rock into a standing water, the flint into a fountain of waters.” - Psalm 114:8

“He turneth the wilderness into a standing water, and dry ground into watersprings.” - Psalm 107:35

This happened twice during Israel’s sojourning in the wilderness (Ex. 17:6, Num. 20:11). How exactly did the LORD create rivers in the wilderness? All geologists should be listening in silent admiration! God brought up water from “the Deep” (Hab. 3:10). This is a place in “the great depths” of our continents (Ps. 78:15-16). Obviously, according to Scripture, it is the same source of deep underground water that is supplying the floods of water that are flowing in the great rivers of the earth, like the Euphrates and Jordan, as we have observed in Gen. 49:25, Deuteronomy 33:13, Deuteronomy 8:7, & Ezekiel 31:4.

“He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the great depths. He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers.” - Psalm 78:15-16

“The mountains saw thee, and they trembled: the overflowing of the water passed by: the Deep uttered his voice, and lifted up his hands on high.” – Hab. 3:10

The immense pressure of the water that was coming up from the Deep was so powerful that it cut through the crust of the earth and then easily split open two mighty rocks in the wilderness. The sights and sounds of the miraculous opening of two fountains from the Deep was unforgettable to Israel! The shear sound of the water splitting the rocks and gushing out vertically into the air, as a standing fountain of water, compelled the prophet Habakkuk to say that the Deep was uttering his voice and lifting up his hands on high. No wonder the people of Israel in the Exodus Generation were inspired to sing about it in jubilant praises, saying, “In His hand are the deep places of the earth: the strength of the hills is His also.” (Ps. 95:4).

Many theologians have wondered about “the fountains of the great Deep” and the geophysics of the flood in the days of Noah (Gen. 7:11). Inquiries have been made to renowned geologists. Videos and documentaries have been published. Meanwhile, little to no attention is given to biblical geology. Somehow, people aren’t paying attention to what God, as a Geologist, has to say about the underworld. The rivers of the wilderness were miraculously sourced by two fountains of the great deep. The combined testimony of Habakkuk 3:10 and Psalm 78:15-16 is legitimately calling these the fountains of “the great” “Deep”. This is conclusive evidence that our diagrams and maps of the underworld need to be reconsidered and redrawn. “Yea, let God be true, but every man a liar” (Rom. 3:4).

A Map of the Underworld in the Bible

“Whatsoever the LORD pleased, that did he in heaven,
and in earth, in the seas, and all deep places.” - Psalm 135:6

God has mapped the underworld in Holy Scripture. The combined testimony of Proverbs 8:23-31, Job 38:1-11, & Psalm 104:1-10 give us a picture of the underworld in staggering detail. However, these passages approach the geological features of the world from different vantage points.

Proverbs 8:23-31 approaches the earth, seas, and fountains of the Deep from the perspective of creation on Day #3.
Job 38:8-11 approaches the earth, seas, and fountains of the Deep from the perspective of the flood in the days of Noah.
Psalm 104:1-10 shows us how the majesty of the LORD was present during the flood to restore the earth, seas, and fountains to function normally according to the original design of divine engineering.

A correct understanding of biblical geology will only come through combining the testimonies of each vantage point. Admittedly, the geological features of the earth are complicated and mysterious. Necessarily, biblical geology is also complicated. This reading is therefore difficult and challenging, especially if you are imagining what you learned in geology class while you are reading the testimony of Scripture. I am happy to inform you that the diagrams of geology are being updated.

A string of new discoveries has changed secular geology for the better. Scientists have a whole new view of the underworld! Before proceeding any further, you might want to update your understanding of geology. It may allow for an easier reading of biblical geology.

The Vantage Point of Creation in Genesis According to Proverbs 8:23-31

“I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever the earth was. When there were no depths, I was brought forth; when there were no fountains abounding with water. Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought forth: While as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields, nor the highest part of the dust of the world. When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth: When he established the clouds above: when he strengthened the fountains of the deep: When he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the earth: Then I was by him, as one brought up with him: and I was daily his delight, rejoicing always before him; Rejoicing in the habitable part of his earth; and my delights were with the sons of men.” – Prov. 8:23-31

Lady Wisdom is first because her voice speaks on behalf of the divine genius being employed in creation at the beginning. In other words, there is an ingenious design to the depths and the fountains (Prov. 8:24) in how they internally pervade the earth for the watering of its fields, hills, and mountains (Prov. 8:25). The fountains of the great deep are in the depths; consequentially, if there are no depths, there are no fountains (Prov. 8:24); and if there are no fountains, then the dust of the world would be useless and uninhabitable (Prov. 8:30-31).

Following the flow of Proverbs 8:23-31, we are then guided by Lady Wisdom to see the ingenious design in how the LORD made heaven on Day #2, in setting a compass upon the face of the deep by creating the atmosphere for the suspension of water vapor in the sky. This marvelous act of creation is also called the establishment of the clouds above (Prov. 8:27).

Following the flow of Proverbs 8:23-31, we are then led back to the fountains. There is an ingenious design to how God strengthened the fountains of the deep (Prov. 8:28) by literally giving them “bars and doors” (Job 38:8, 10), so that they can function like “waterspouts” that control the volume of water output (Ps. 42:7), and this directly relates to how the LORD gave the sea its decreed boundaries and limitations (Prov. 8:29a) with respect to the fixed position of the foundations of the earth and dry land (Prov. 8:29b).

The Vantage Point of the Flood in the Days of Noah According to Job 38:8-11

“Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it had issued out of the womb? When I made the cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddlingband for it, And brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, And said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed?” - Job 38:8-11

Job 38:1-7 presents to readers the divine exploits of wisdom in creation at the beginning, and then Job 38:8-11 transitions into the divine exploits of wisdom in the flood. Of course, the wisdom and exploits of both occasions are related. The “old world” was created, destroyed, and then remade into a new world (2 Pet. 2:5, 3:6). The geological features of our world were functioning normally of old. During the flood these functions were radically disrupted. And after the flood they were restored to a normal operation in the new world. Obviously, the divine engineering of the earth with internal fountains in the great Deep is relevant because the breaking open of these fountains was a major part of the geophysics of the flood (Gen. 7:11, 8:2). However, remember, these fountains were created everywhere: in the Deep underground to feed water into the supercontinent and in the Deep underground of the oceans as a spring of water on the seafloor.

Originally, at creation, the subterranean seas of the underworld were “shut up” with “bars and doors” (Job 38:8, 10), and hereby the fountains were “strengthened” to contain the waters in a controlled output (Prov. 8:28). However, when the bars and doors of the fountains were broken up (Gen. 7:11), and erosion at the fountains brought about the fast phase of the flood, geological evidence suggests that the subterranean seas broke forth as an explosion of pressurized waters (Job 38:8, 10). These explosions were like how waters come bursting out of the womb of a mother in travail on a worldwide scale (Job 38:8).

Originally, at creation, the divine engineering of the fountains on the seafloor, as the springs and waterspouts of the sea (Job 38:16, Ps. 42:7), were “strengthened” in a fixed position, like fixing the fountainheads with “bars and doors” to control how much water is fed into the oceans (Prov. 8:28, Job 38:8, 10). However, when these fountains were suddenly broken up (Gen. 7:11), the subterranean seas broke forth as an explosion of pressurized waters, like the waters bursting out of the womb of a mother in travail (Job 38:8, 10).

In summary, if the “decreed place” of the fountains is broken up, then everything downstream is impacted (Job 38:10); hence, the decreed boundaries of the seas on the surface of our world will then be made void (Job 38:10, Prov. 8:29). Contrastingly, if the “decreed place” of the fountains is restored through the “bars and doors” being remade and put back into place, then the “waves” of the sea on the surface will be “stayed” from overflowing (Job 38:8, 10-11).

The Vantage Point of the Flood in the Days of Noah According to Psalm 104:5-10

“Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. Thou coveredst it with the Deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains. At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away. They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them. Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth. He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills.” – Psalm 104:5-10

Upon the creation of the supercontinent of dry land on Day #3, it could be said that God never intended for “the foundations of the earth” to be “removed” in a violent worldwide geological disruption (Ps. 104:5). Omnibenevolence created the world to be inhabited (Prov. 8:30-31). In other words, God never intended for “the Deep” to rise up and cover the earth and its tallest mountains (Ps. 104:6). However, God repented (Gen. 6:6). God changed His mind! It was then that the LORD broke up the decreed place (Job 38:8, 10); consequentially, the waters flooded the earth to kill the wicked. Only then would the holy heart of the LORD be satisfied.

“Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD.” - Psalm 104:35

The subterranean seas in the great Deep violently came up through the broken up fountains as great explosions (Gen. 7:11). Suffice it to say, this was a radical disruption of the normal function of these geological features in the underworld. However, when the flood had executed divine justice in the death and destruction of everything on land that breathed (Gen. 7:22), it was time to send the water back down to the place where it came from in the Deep. This is the recession. It suddenly began by the power of God through a divine “rebuke” (Ps. 104:7)! And once the waters were fully drained the LORD restored the strength of the fountains with bars and doors to cap and control the water, and to keep the water from coming up again (Job 38:8, 10). The original divine decrees of creation were reinstated, and new boundaries were decided in a freshly baptized world. Speaking of this, the LORD said the following words:

“Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed” – Job 38:11

Where did all the waters of the flood go? They went back down the drains. After Day 150, when the flood transitioned into the recession, the outward flow of water at the fountains stopped and then changed direction (Gen. 8:2), so that the floodwater was being sucked back down into the Deep (Gen. 7:24-8:4; Ps. 104:7-10). Upon Day 315, at the end of the recession, the fountains were restored to their normal function in a new world.

“At thy rebuke they [the waters of the Deep] fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away. They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them. Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth. He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills.” – Ps. 104:7-10

The floodwaters, which came up from the Deep, were then rebuked back down into the Deep during the recession. The floodwaters, referred to as “they” in Psalm 104:7-10, fled back to their original “place”, exactly like it was in the old world, only with reconfigurations in the new world – as the “springs” of newly made “mountains”, “hills”, and “valleys” in a washed, renewed, reshaped, and remade Earth. The “fleeing” or “hasting away” of the floodwaters made them “go up” and “go down” to their places, and hereby the LORD “sent” the fountains to be “run” out of the mountains / hills and “into” the valleys. Have you ever noticed how most of the major rivers of the world spring out of the mountains at high elevations?

The fountains of over 80% of the greatest rivers on earth are located at mountains. Most of them are thousands of feet above sea level! There isn’t enough annual rainwater or snow to produce such constant floods from groundwater at these high elevations. Evidently, according to biblical geology, most of the water is coming from the great depths of the underworld. The fountains of the great deep are producing the floods. Others may have a different opinion, but neither of us have ever entered into the springs of the Deep. Hence, God has the moral high ground in this conversation.

We haven’t explored the labyrinth of fountains underground to see where they go in height or depth, in the mountains, hills, and valleys, so the best that we can offer is theory and hypothesis. Of course, everyone should be suspicious of scientific theory. “Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?” (1 Cor. 1:20). Scientific theory has gone from bad to worse from generation to generation, even despite our good intentions. The academic conversation intensifies, and the common people stand in doubt. Meanwhile, the Bible, the book of divine geology, is closed on the shelf and gathering dust. God has already mapped the underworld for us in staggering detail! All we need to do is pick up the book and read it for ourselves.

0 Comments

Deep Underground Oceans

5/1/2025

0 Comments

Article #5 on Noah's Flood & Science

(CREDIT: CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Subterranean Seas of the Underworld

The Ark was grounded on the mountain of Ararat on Day 150 of the flood when the floodwater reached its peak elevation – 26 feet (15 cubits) above the tallest mountain on earth (Gen. 7:20, 8:4). Apparently, Ararat was the tallest mountain on earth at the time, because the Ark was grounded on it while sitting in the water at a depth of ≈39 feet. Therefore, we can be sure that the flood had reached an elevation of ≈16,971 feet.

Where did the floodwater come from? If our calculations are correct, the flood would have required ≈693 million trillion gallons of water, and there are only ≈348 million trillion gallons of water in the earth’s oceans. Nearly two times the amount of water in our oceans had to be added to the surface of the world to accomplish the flood! According to Genesis 7:11 & Genesis 8:2, the floodwater came from the fountains of the great deep (Gen. 7:11, 8:2).

On Day #3, the fountains of the great deep were created as the springs of the sea (Job 38:16, Ps. 42:7) and the fountains of dryland (Gen. 49:25, Deut. 8:7, 33:13, Ezek. 31:4, Psalm 78:15-16, Hab. 3:10). Water is fed into these places in a divinely balanced water cycle. However, at the flood these fountains were broken up (Gen. 7:11), and this means that the floodwater came from the great depths of the earth. We are talking about somewhere far below the oceans of our world. Until recently this was deemed impossible by science! Through advancements in seismic technology, scientists have stumbled upon a most shocking discovery.

“A reservoir of water three times the volume of all the oceans has been discovered deep beneath the Earth’s surface.” - New Scientist

“While the vast expanse of our blue planet's oceans, rivers, and lakes have always captivated humanity, it is this concealed ocean, silently resting deep within the Earth's mantle, that is now compelling scientists and curious minds alike to reconsider our understanding of the Earth.” – Brighter Side

Evidently, there is plenty of water down there to accomplish the flood. Science suggests that this water is contained within a transition zone between the upper mantle and lower mantle of the earth, in a range of 400 to 700 km below the surface of our world.

Now that even secular scientists are believing that the earth’s oceans originated from within the earth rather than from comets, according to their wild theories of macroevolution, implacable theologians should also rethink their own theories about the flood while studying anything Scripture has to offer on the subject of biblical geology.

“‘It’s good evidence the Earth’s water came from within,’ says Steven Jacobsen of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.” - New Scientist

“I think we are finally witnessing evidence for a whole-Earth water cycle.” – Brighter Side

“This intriguing revelation is reshaping our understanding of the Earth's water cycle and its intricate geophysical processes.” – Brighter Side

Granted, the deep underground ocean of the world is made up of water that is trapped in a mineral called ringwoodite, but this poses no problem to the fact that this water was the source of the flood through the breaking up of the fountains of the great deep.

“This underground ocean is three times larger than all the surface oceans combined and is believed to be trapped within a blue mineral called ringwoodite.” – Brighter Side

“The ringwoodite is like a sponge, soaking up water. There's something very special about the crystal structure of ringwoodite that allows it to attract hydrogen and trap water.” – Steve Jacobsen, Geophysicist (Brighter Side)

Notice how the expert scientists are repeatedly referring to a whole earth water cycle even though the water of the subterranean seas is trapped in ringwoodite. Various scientific experiments have proven that the water of the ringwoodite is fluid – it is “cycling water through the transition zone” (Dehydration Melting at the Top of the Lower Mantle). In other words, olivine and water are converted to ringwoodite, and ringwoodite is converted to olivine and water.

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4 + H2O ⇌ (Mg, Fe)2SiO4(H2O)
(Olivine + water ⇌ Ringwoodite)

“Within the water-bearing transition zone, water is held in the lattice structure of ringwoodite, but it is released through dehydration melting as it reaches the lower mantle due to the higher-pressure environment. Approximately three times the amount of water in the earth’s oceans combined is stored within the crystal lattice structure of ringwoodite in the transition zone, and it is released through high pressure to form the compound olivine, which cannot store water in substantial quantity. Additionally, the conversion of olivine and water to ringwoodite and vice versa occurs within the transition zone evidenced by the presence of olivine. Released water can then ascend into the upper mantle to contribute to the deep water Cycle. Superheated water ascending out of the transition zone contributes to the formation of magma in the upper mantle. Rising magma into the oceanic and continental crust feeds into the supply of underground water. Backflow of all these processes, whether through gravitational and/or convection forces, closes the loop of the deep water cycle.” – Preethi Morris, PhD Researcher

God caused the flood! Period. The supernatural influenced the natural in the breaking up of the fountains of the great deep (Gen. 7:11). This breaking up likely happened through pressure being applied to the fountains from the underworld. Water was surging upwards from the underworld due to a destabilized transition zone of ringwoodite, and it was putting pressure on the “doors” of the fountainheads (Job 38:8, 10; Prov. 8:28). Obviously, with the right ingredients of pressure and heat, the transition zone can become radically destabilized. The fountainheads then broke under mounting pressure, and increasingly eroded over time, as ≈696 trillion gallons of water were being injected into the surface of the world.

Naturally, the water that came up had to go back down, otherwise the earth would remain flooded and uninhabitable. During the recession, the ≈696 trillion gallons of water that came up from the underworld then went back down to the same place. Obviously, there was no space for all that water on the surface of the world! The LORD suddenly “stopped” the fountains of the great deep, which means that water was no longer being injected into the world by these broken waterspouts (Gen. 8:2; Job 38:16, Ps. 42:7). A stop in the output of water indicates a shift of pressure in the underworld that would in turn cause an intake of water. The fountainheads then became drains! The floodwater was sucked into the underworld, and with it all the organic material of a destroyed world.

"University of Alberta geochemist Graham Pearson holds a diamond used in a previous study that found oceans' worth of water deep inside the Earth. He was a co-author of the new study that provides more evidence of how water is recycled deep within the Earth." - CBC

Some of the organic material that was flushed deep into the transition zone was then transformed into diamonds, and through the water cycle some of these diamonds made their way back up to the surface of the earth. In the words of Dr. Graham Pearson, a geochemist from Alberta University, the diamond that he is holding with tweezers "went to hell and back".

0 Comments

<<Previous

Article #15 on Psychology

Article #14 on Psychology

Take My Life &Let it Be...

Article #13 on Psychology

Article #12 on Psychology

Article #11 on Psychology

Mental Health According to the Bible?

Article #8 on Noah's Flood & Science

Theory

Methodology

Isochron

Types

Assumptions

Assumption: The decay rate of the parent isotype throughout history has remained constant.

Assumption: There is no contamination of the sample.

Assumption: The Daughter isotope was absent at the origination of the sample.

Flaws

Flaw: The deep water cycle, migration of magma, and crustal migration of isotopes can introduce new isotopes into samples.

Flaw: Under the Closed-System requirement for radiometric dating, it is assumed that no parent or daughter isotope was lost or gained during or since the formation of the material.

Flaw: There is inconsistency in results when using different methods of radiometric dating.

Flaw: Radiocarbon dating (C-14) is prone to error in dating old objects due to the limited half-life of 5,730 years.

Conclusion

References:

Article #7 on Noah's Flood & Science

The Baptism of the Flood in the Days of Noah

The Eyewitnesses of the Flood

Experts in the Field of Noah’s Flood

Continental Sprint

Geological Catastrophe Consistent with a Mega-Sequence of Tsunamis

Sedimentary Layers of Rock Infused with Trillions of Fossils Created by a Mega-Sequence of Tsunamis

Sedimentary Layers of Rock & Fossilization

Minimum Requirements for the Process of Fossilization

Minimum Requirements for the Process of Lithification – the Formation of Sedimentary Layers of Rock

Factoring the Biblical Details of the Flood into the Equation

The Extreme Hydrostatic Pressures Created by the Floodwater

The Superheated Hydrothermal Temperatures Created by the Floodwater

Permineralization Fossilization

Casting and Molding Fossilization

Compression Fossilization

Carbonization Fossilization

The Fossil Record Speaks for Itself!

“The memory of the just is blessed: but the name of the wicked shall rot.” – Prov. 10:7

“Or speak…and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.” – Job 12:7-8

“But ask…the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee:” – Job 12:7-8

“But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak…and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee…” – Job 12:7-8

References:

Article #6 on Noah's Flood & Science

Article #3 on Creation & Science

The Creation of Earth as an Exploit of Divine Engineering

Where are the Foundations of the World?

Oceans, Seas, Floods, & the Deep

The Establishment of the Earth Upon the Floods

Rivers in the Wilderness

A Map of the Underworld in the Bible

Article #5 on Noah's Flood & Science

​The Subterranean Seas of the Underworld

Psychology

Christian Academia & Seminary

Creation & Science

Noah's Flood & Science

Archives

Categories

Author

“But **ask…the fowls of the air, and they shall tell *thee***:” – Job 12:7-8

“But ask now the **beasts, and they shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

“Or speak to the **earth, and it shall teach *thee***…” – Job 12:7-8

The Subterranean Seas of the Underworld